Dopamine replication

By contrast, studies of the dopamine D -like receptors have found evidence for the association of the receptor with disease (66) these studies have been replicated (41,42). From among the multitude of these studies, only selected examples are reviewed here. For example, evidence both for and against the association of the dopamine D -like receptors with schizophrenia has been reported. Polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor, including the third intracellular loop VNTR, alter dopamine receptor expression. In addition to association with schizophrenia (3,67-70), the dopamine polymorphisms have been associated with the genetic basis of the variable efficacy of antipsychotics such as clozapine (or neuromuscular toxicity—tardive dyskinesia) (69,71,72). Similarly, promoter SNPs have been associated with altered clozapine efficacy (67,68,73). 

TaIkowski, M. E., Mansour, H., Chowdari, K. V., et el(2006) Novel, replicated associations between dopamine Dj receptor gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia in two independent samples. Biol. Psychiatry. 60, 570-577. 

Association studies have proven to be more fruitful. In such studies, the allelic frequencies for specific marker genes are compared with a control population. When OCD patients were investigated for the association of tics with the dopamine receptor 2 marker it was shown that there was an increased frequency of homozygosity for the allele A2 of TaqIA at the D2 receptor locus. Not all investigators could replicate this finding however. No positive associations have been found between OCD and the D3 gene while there was some association found between OCD with tics and the D4... 

Adrenergic drugs are natural or synthetic compounds that either partially or completely replicate the effects of norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine, and which cause a biological response similar to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. They are also referred to as sympathomimeties beeause they mimic the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. 

Comings DE, Muhleman D, Gysin R (1996) Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder a study and replication. Biol Psychiatry... 

Zeolites Aqueous Chemistry DNA Replication Dopamine Double Helix... 

Hibbeln JR. Umhau JC, Linnoila M. George DT, Ragan PW, Schoaf SE, et al. A replication study of violent and nonviolent subjects cerebrospinal fluid metabolites of serotonin and dopamine are predicted by plasma essential fatty acids. Biol Psychiatry 1995 44 243-249. 

Replicated evidence implicating dopamine (DA) genes (D4, D5, the DA transporter). 

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