Dopamine and cAMP-regulated

Cdc, cell division cycle DARPP-32, dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32kDa MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase NIPP1, nuclear inhibitor of PP1 PP, protein phosphatase Vffl, vaccinia virus. 

Aperia A, Fryckstedt J, Svensson L, Hemmings HC, Jr., Nairn AC, Greengard P (1991) Phosphorylated Mr 32,000 dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein inhibits Na+,K<+)-ATPase activity in renal tubule cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 55 2798-2801. 

Desdouits F, Siciliano JC, Greengard P, Girault JA (1995a) Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein DARPP-32 phosphorylation of Ser-137 by casein kinase I inhibits dephosphorylation of Thr-34 by... 

Desdouits F, Cohen D, Nairn AC, Greengard P, Girault JA (1995b) Phosphorylation of DARPP-32, a dopamine-and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, by casein kinase I in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 270 8772-8778. 

Hemmings HC, Jr, Nairn AC, Elliott JI, Greengard P (1990) Synthetic peptide analogs of DARPP-32 (Mr 32,000 dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein), an inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1. Phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, and inhibitory activity. J Biol Chem 265 20369-20376. 

Snyder GL, Fienberg AA, Huganir RL, Greengard P (1998) A dopamine/Dl receptor/protein kinase A/dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (Mr 32 kDa)/protein phosphatase-1 pathway regulates dephosphorylation of the NMDA receptor. J Neurosci 75 10297-10303. 

Svenningsson P, Lindskog M, Ledent C, Parmentier M, Greengard P, Fredholm BB, Fisone G (2000) Regulation of the phosphorylation of the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa in vivo by dopamine Dl, dopamine D2, and adenosine A2A receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 1856-1860. 

Tsou K, Snyder GL, Greengard P (1993) Nitric oxide/cGMP pathway stimulates phosphorylation of DARPP-32, a dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, in the substantia nigra. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 3462-3465. 

Dl-iike receptors activate the Gs transduction pathway, stimulating the production of adenylyl cyclase, which increases the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and ultimately increases the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA activates DARPP-32 (dopamine and cyclic adenosine 3, 5 -monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa) via phosphorylation, permitting phospho-DARPP-32 to then inhibit protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). The downstream effect of decreased PP-1 activity is an increase in the phosphorylation states of assorted downstream effector proteins regulating neurotransmitter... 

Girault JA, Walaas SI, Hemmings HC, Jr, Greengard P (1990a) ARPP-21, a cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in dopamine-innervated brain regions tissue distribution and regulation of phosphorylation in rat brain. Neuroscience 57 317-325. 

The catecholamines - dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are successively derived from tyrosine. S m-thesis occurs in the nerve terminals and in the adrenal gland. Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the first step (Figure 10.2a) and is the major site of regulation (inhibition by dopamine and noradrenaline, activation by cAMP). This step gives rise to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), which in turn is a substrate for L-aromatic acid decarboxylase. De-... 

Positive inotropic compounds can be classified into three groups cAMP generators, intracellular calcium regulators, and modulators of ion channels or pumps [11]. The cAMP generators such as dopamine, dobutamine, and milrinone (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) may worsen ischemia, cause arrhythmias, and increase mortality [2,6]. Intracellular calcium modulators have not reached clinical use, possibly because of additional effects such as vasoconstriction,... 

Dopamine activates adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C (PLC) via a D, receptor and inhibits through a D2 receptor, thereby regulating the production of intracellular second messengers, cAMP, Ca2+, and 1,2-diacylglycerol. D, and D2 receptors are decreased in the striatum of patients with dementia. There is considerable evidence to suggest that intracellular levels of cAMP have a protective role for dopaminergic neurons. Intracellular concentrations of cyclic nucleotides are regulated by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and CaMPDE, one of the most intensely studied and best-characterized phosphodiesterases. 

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