Domestic Measures

The ICF should be written in a language that can be understood by the average study subject.Simple words should be used wherever possible for example, stop instead of discontinue, avoid instead of abstain and cause instead of induce. Many study subjects will not understand technical words such as placebo and erythema. Measurements of volumes should be described in domestic measurement such as teaspoonfuT rather than in millilitres. For therapeutic trials ICFs should include a description or mention of alternative procedures or courses of treatment. 

The following remarks may be added with regard to certain domestic measures frequently alluded to in the administration of remedies. 

Home/domestic measures. A standard 5 ml spoon and a graduated oral syringe are available. Otherwise the following approximations will serve 1 tablespoonful = 14 ml (or mL)... 

Because of these characteristics electromagnetic flow meters have been widely appHed to the measurement of difficult Hquids such as raw sewage and wastewater flows, paper pulp slurries, viscous polymer solutions, mining slurries, milk, and pharmaceuticals. They ate also used in less demanding apphcations such as the measurement of large domestic water volumes. 

Ratio of total final consumption of energy to gross domestic product (GDP). Measured in metric tons of oil equivalent per 1000 of GDP at 1985 prices ... 

Wastewater Treatment Plants. Numerous studies have shown that phthalates in wastewater systems are removed to a significant extent by treatment plants. The concentration of phthalates in both domestic and industrial wastewater was measured before and after treatment (55). The total level of phthalates in domestic effluent was reduced by treatment from 32.7 to 0.92 )-lg/L and in industrial effluent from 93.6 to 1.06 )-lg/L. Thus between 97 and 99% of the phthalates are removed from wastewater by treatment plants. 

Between 1869 and the beginning of World War I, most of the world s supply of potassium salts came from the Stassfurt deposits in Germany. During World War I, U.S. production, measured as K2O, rose from 1000 metric tons in 1914 to 41,500 t in 1919. Following the end of World War I, U.S. production declined as imports increased. By the time the United States entered World War II, however, production had expanded enough to meet domestic needs. Since then, production has fluctuated, but has fallen below consumption as of the mid-1990s. Total annual U.S. demand peaked at 6.9 X 10 t in 1979 and has leveled off at approximately 5.1 to 5.5 million t. Canada is the principal potash exporter. 

In England, the Magna Carta provided a standard of measurement for the sale of ale and wine. In 1643, the English Parliament proposed the first tax on distilled spirits. In the American colonies, William Kieft, Director General of New Nethedand, imposed the first liquor tax of two guilders on each half vat of beer in 1640. Alexander Hamilton initiated an excise tax on domestic spirits in 1791. The tax was resented and ultimately repealed in 1800 by Thomas Jefferson. Except during the War of 1812, domestic spirits remained untaxed until 1862. At that time, a tax of 0.02/L was implemented, which has been increased periodically. In January 1991, the Pederal Excise Tax on distilled spirits was raised to 3.56 per titer or 13.50 per proof gallon. In addition, many states have substantially increased the state excise taxes on distilled spirits. 

Table 15.17 Measures for the control of management of domestic gas through pipeline systems (the Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996)...

Black smoke (BS) is a particulate measure that typically contains at least 50% respirable particulates smaller than 4.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter, sampled by the British smokeshade (BS) method. The reflectance of light is measured by the darkness of the stain caused by particulates on a white filter paper. The result of BS sampling depends on the density of the stain and the optical properties of the particulates. Because the method is based on reflectance from elemental carbon, its use is recommended in areas where coal smoke from domestic fires is the dominant component of ambient particulates. 

Fig. 21.2 Galvanic series showing ranges of potentials of metals and alloys in flowing hot domestic water at 71°C (Long Island, N.Y.). Potentials measured weekly for three months and then monthly for a period of ten months. (After Butler, G. and Ison, H. C. K., Corrosion and its Prevention in Water, Leonard Hill, London (1966))...

Since 1986, when the very first reports on the use of microwave heating to chemical transformations appeared [147,148], microwave-assisted synthesis has been shown to accelerate most solution-phase chemical reactions [24-27,32,35]. The first application of microwave irradiation for the acceleration of reaction rate of a substrate attached to a solid support (SPPS) was performed in 1992 [36]. Despite the promising results, microwave-assisted soHd-phase synthesis was not pursued following its initial appearance, most probably as a result of the lack of suitable instriunentation. Reproducing reaction conditions was nearly impossible because of the differences between domestic microwave ovens and the difficulties associated with temperature measurement. The technique became a Sleeping Beauty interest awoke almost a decade later with the publication of several microwave-assisted SPOS protocols [37,38,73,139,144]. There has been an extensive... 

Determination of smoke emission from manufactured solid fuels for domestic use. Part 1 General method for determination of smoke emission rate. Superseded BS 3841 1972 Determination of smoke emission from manufactured solid fuels for domestic use. Part 2 Methods for measuring the smoke emission rate. Superseded BS 3841 1972... 

Information on implementation of GMP inspection plans is available in only some of the countries. Where data exist, they indicate that plans were successfully followed or even exceeded their targets. This applies to Cuba, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Uganda, Venezuela and Zimbabwe. For Cyprus, however, inspections of domestic plants fell short of the planned values. Cyprus has 10 domestic manufacturers, and nine inspections were planned, but in 1997 only seven were carried out. The Netherlands has 86 manufacturers and 28 inspections were planned in 1998 all of them were carried out. Venezuela has 41 manufacturers and 23 inspections were planned in 1997, of which 35 were carried out. So a low implementation rate does not necessarily indicate a low inspection rate. Enforcement measures are available in case of non-compliance in Cyprus, Estonia, Malaysia, Tunisia, Uganda, Venezuela and Zimbabwe. In Cuba, no enforcement measures are specified for failure to comply with GMP standards. Comparatively speaking, there is less likely to be a workplan for inspection of distribution channels than there is for GMP inspection. Only four countries — Cyprus, Estonia, Uganda and Venezuela — carry out inspection of distribution channels based on such a plan. 

The degree to which industrialized societies have dematerialized can be seen from Figure 1.3, in which the amount of material consumed (expressed as carbon from fossil feedstocks used) per unit of added value (using gross domestic product as a measure of economic activity) has declined steadily over the past 30 years of industrial development. 

One lap on a particular outdoor track measures a quarter of a mile around. To run a total of three and a half miles, how many complete laps must a person run a. 14 laps b. 18 laps c. 7 laps d. 10 laps 294. Julie counts the cars passing her house, and finds that 2 of every 5 cars are foreign. If she counts for an hour, and 60 cars pass, how many of them are likely to be domestic a. 12 cars b. 24 cars c. 30 cars d. 36 cars... 

Our analysis shows that the unattached fraction in the domestic environment is between. 05 and. 15 without any aerosol sources in the room and can decrease below. 05 in the presence of aerosol sources. These values are much larger than assumed by James (1984) (fp-3%) and by the NEA-report (1983) (fp=2%). However the few experimental results reported in the literature agree with our findings. Bruno (1983) found an unattached fraction of. 07 and Reineking (1985), Shimo (1984) and Duggan (1969) measured about. 10. The last two results are calculated by means of the room model from the reported unattached Po-218 concentrations. 

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