Doctors and medicine

Charles Webster, The Great Instauration Science, Medicine and Reform 1626—1660 (1975). For the impact of Felling and Webster s 1979 essay see, for instance, Laurence Brockliss and Colin Jones, The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford, 1997) Michael McVaugh, Medicine before the Pla e Practitioners and their Patients in the Crown of Aragon, 128 —1 4 (Cambridge, 1993) Katharine Park, Doctors and Medicine in Early Renaissance Florence (Princeton, 198 5). 

Park, Katharine, Doctors and Medicine in Early Renaissance Florence (Princeton, 1985). 

Th e earliest explanations of natural processes were m terms dl l jR ST) s SpSffSff and the like. In a tribe, there would be certain people — the priests witch-doctors and medicine men and women — whose business it was to understand these supernatural forces and appease them. 

Patients tend to believe that medications from nature are non-toxic, non-addicted, and non-invasive. Therefore complementary medicines are usually used in common, less severe, and chronic mental disorders such as sleep disorders, neurasthenia, and anxiety disorders. It is also applied in incurable conditions, for example dementias, autism, and schizophrenia, when doctors and families have tried desperately all means and finally turned to complementary medicine as the last hope. 

If the chemical-imbalance theory is wrong, and if depression is not a brain disease, how is it produced and how can it be prevented and treated One way to look for clues is to examine the process by which we were misled into the realm of chemistry. There is a culprit hiding in the history of the chemical-imbalance theory - a culprit that is guilty of leading doctors and patients astray over and over again in the history of medicine. The culprit is the placebo effect, and its darker twin, the nocebo effect. Depressed people got better when given MAO and reuptake inhibitors as antidepressants, and this led researchers to conclude that depression must be caused by a chemical deficiency. But much (if not all) of that improvement turns out to be a placebo effect. So to understand depression and how it might be treated effectively, we need to examine the placebo effect more carefully. That is the topic of the next two chapters. 

Emphasize to your client that it would do his or her body a favor to get an annual physical from a physician. Most people do not blink an eye to get a car in for a tune-up but for some reason are not as faithful about attending to their bodies. If they have medical conditions that require certain treatments or taking medicine, they should do what they are told to do by their doctors, and reliably. After all, we will only get as far in this life as our bodies will take us ... 

You want to know why I steal that money Well, a week ago poor mother she is so very sick. They tell me she cannot live many days but I think if only I have money I can save her yet. I can have doctors to see her, big doctors who will go to sick people only for very much money. I can buy her food and medicine and perhaps send her away to some place where the sun will shine for her, where she can breathe God s pure air. Why even strong people can scarce live in a place like this where the sunshine never come, where it is cold and damp all the time. How can the poor little mother hope to grow well again in such a place, without good food, often without a fire, the air not fit for anyone to breathe. I think of it all the time. I lie awake at night and think of it, it is before me all day at my work. Money, money, if only I have a little money, I can save my mother yet. Then the chance come, the money is there before me. I look at it, I take it. That is all. 

Professor M. R. Maurya is currently heading the Department of Chemistry, IIT Roorkee. He has more than 26 years of teaching and research experience. He had worked in Loyola University of Chicago, USA, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, and Pune University Pune, before joining department of Chemistry at IIT Roorkee in 1996 and became full professor in 2008. His current area of research interests include structural and functional models of vanadate-dependent haloperoxidases, coordination polymers and their catalytic study, metal complexes encapsulated in zeolite cages and their catalytic study, polymer-anchored metal complexes and their catalytic study, and medicinal aspects of coordination compounds. So far, he has guided 21 doctoral and 7 Master s theses, co-authored more than 140 research papers in the international refereed journals. 

John Frederick Helvetius (see plate 13), an eminent doctor of medicine, and physician to the Prince of Orange, published at the Hague in 1667 the following remarkable account of a transmutation he claimed to have effected. Certain points of resemblance between this account and that of van Helmont (e.g., in each case the Stone is described as a glassy substance of a pale yellow colour) are worth noticing "On the 27 December,... 

Regulation 3(1) of the 1994 Regulations states that no medicinal product may be placed on the market or distributed by way of wholesale dealing, unless it has a marketing authorisation. This replaces the product licence requirement in section 7 of the act. The exemptions to this requirement are provided for by regulation 3(2) and Schedule 1 to the regulations. They permit supply for individual patients and also enable practitioners to hold limited supplies of stocks of imauthorised medicines. The provisions apply equally to doctors and dentists. 

The Leaflet MAE 30, issued by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency to give guidance on the provisions of the legislation affecting doctors and dentists, states that ... 

The CSD was serviced by a professional secretariat of pharmacists and medical officers who undertook the assessment of the submissions and presented these to the Committee and its various subcommittees. The secretariat initially included three doctors and two pharmacists. In 1965, the number of professional staff had been increased to six doctors and three pharmacists. Among the six doctors was Dr Denis Cahal, who headed the secretariat. Others were Drs J Broadbent, M Hollyhock, WH Inman, D Mansel-Jones and C Ruttle. The secretriat, known as the Medicines Division, was created as a branch of the Department of Health. The close collaboration between Dr Cahal and Sir Derrick Dunlop was pivotal in guiding the Medicines Act through Parliament in 1968 and setting the foundation of a system that became a model to the rest of the world for fairness and efficiency. 

For medicines introduced recently - as indicated by an inverted black triangle (T) in the product entry in the British National Eormulary, MIMS and the ABPI Data Sheet Compendium - doctors and hospital pharmacists are asked to report all suspected reactions. This includes any adverse or any unexpected event, however minor, which could conceivably be attributed to the medicine. Reports should be made despite uncertainty about a cause or relationship, irrespective of whether or not the reaction is well recognised and even when other medicines have been taken concurrently. (The legal position for the pharmaceutical industry requires the reporting of aU serious ADRs from the UK or other EU countries, and of all serious and unexpected ADRs from coimtries outside the EU). 

For established medicines, doctors and hospital pharmacists are asked to report serious suspected reactions including those that are fatal, life-threatening, disabling, incapacitating or which result in hospital admission or prolong hospitalisation for in-patients. They should be reported even if the effect is well recognised. 

Bynum, W. F. and Porter, R. (eds) 1994. Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. Vol. 2. London and New York Routledge and, Bynum, W. F. 2002. Doctors and discoveries Lives that created today s medicine. Nature, 419(6903) 115-116. 

Louis Lemery, son of the immortal French physician and chemist Nicolas Lemery, was bom in Paris on January 25, 1677, and studied at Harcourt College (194). Because of the boy s gift of eloquence, his unde, Louis Lemery, a famous attorney, tried to induce him to study law. Young Louis preferred his father s calling, however, and at the age of twenty-one years received the degree of doctor of medicine. Two years later he entered the Academy to study, first under M. de Tournefort and then under his father Nicolas Lemery. 

When M. L nery had to choose between the two degrees, Doctor of Medicine or Master Apothecary, he selected the latter first because of its closer relation to chemistry. B.-B. de Fontenelle described his public laboratory in the Rue Galande as less a room than a cellar, and almost... 

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