DNA microinjection

Folger, K. R., Wong, E.A., Wahl, G., and Ca-pecchi, M.R. (1982) Patterns of integration of DNA microinjected into cultured mammalian cells evidence for homologous recombination between injected plasmid molecules. Mol. 

To develop strategies that overcome the drawbacks of DNA microinjection, one has to consider the fate of injected DNA inside a cell. Plasmid DNA, injected... 

Unmodified PNAs have been introduced to cells by microinjection [33], electroporation [60, 62, 76], co-transfection with partially hybridized DNA oligos [43, 61,... 

Classical gene transfer methods still in use today are diethylamino ethyl (DEAE)-dextran and calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, and microinjection. Introduced in 1965, DEAE-dextran transfection is one of the oldest gene transfer techniques [2]. It is based on the interaction of positive charges on the DEAE-dextran molecule with the negatively charged backbone of nucleic acids. The DNA-DEAE-dextran complexes appear to adsorb onto cell surfaces and be taken up by endocytosis. 

Gitman, A.G., Graessmann, A., and Loyter, A. (1985b) Targeting of loaded Sendai virus envelopes by covalently attached insulin molecules to virus receptor-depleted cells Fusion-mediated microinjection of ricin A and simian 40 DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 7209-7313. 

The production of heterologous proteins in transgenic animals has gained much attention in the recent past. The generation of transgenic animals is most often undertaken by directly microinject-ing exogenous DNA into an egg cell. In some instances, this DNA will be stably integrated into... 

DNA template and the enzyme T7RNA polymerase microinjected into a selected giant vesicle nucleotide triphosphates added from the external medium... 

---