Distribution of mean temperatures

The combustion stability limits, size of the recirculation zone, completeness of combustion, and the radial distribution of mean temperatures have been measured. Mean temperatures were measured with a 0.076-mm Pt vs. Pt-13% Rh thermocouple coated with silica to reduce catalytic eflFects. The completeness of combustion was measured with gas chromatography using a Pye Unicam isothermal gas chromatograph. A detailed description of the measurement technique used is given in Refs. 5 and 9. 

Radial distribution of mean temperatures were measured in the main... 

Figure 13. Radial distribution of mean temperatures corresponding to flames...

Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of mean water temperatures in the Taillon catchment, French Pyrenees [33]...

Figure 3. (a) Spatial distribution of mean annual moist static energy. The station locations (crosses) indicate the spatial coverage of the data set. (b) Spatial distribution of the function G=T+ y, Z where T is the mean annual temperature, Z is the station elevation, and y, = 5.9 K/km. The distributions of each variable as functions of latitude are shown in the insets. [Used by permission of Geological Society of America, from Forest et al. (1999), Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Vol. Ill, Fig. 3, p. 502.]... 

From these probability distributions, the mean temperature and the rms temperature are easily generated. They are displayed in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. The symmetry of the data is a result of reflecting the data through the axial centerline, i.e., data were collected on one side of the flame only. The main point of this paper is to illustrate the feasibility of obtaining temperature data in a turbulent diffusion flame. 

The map of mean temperatures in January of Northrhine-Westphalia (Fig. 8) shows those areas below a mean of 0 C where a combination of frost and SO2 can lead to plant damage. Norway spruce, e.g., can tolerate winter temperatures of about — 40°C in healthy conditions, but — 10 C might be too much for a plant weakened by preceding or corresponding pollution impact. Forests close to the national borders of distribution are obviously especially endangered. 

Figure 1. On the basis of this observation, and in the absence of skin (< 1 mm) temperature measurements, sea surface radiance was calculated from 2.5-m temperatures and used in the algorithm to correct satellite temperatures to sea surface temperatures. This approach worked well in this study because the relative distribution of 2.5-m temperatures was correlated with the relative distribution of skin temperatures. This conlcusion was supported in two ways (1) the mean difference between surface temperature measured in samples collected in a bucket and the thermistor at 2.5 m was 0.1 °C, and (2) when 2.5-m temperatures were compared with cor-...

The sublimation step should be started when the matrix is in a completely frozen state. In order to ensure that the matrix will preserve its frozen state throughout the sublimation step, the computer should be provided with the collapse or eutectic temperature of the sample. Since the vast majority (99%) of samples will have a collapse rather than a eutectic temperature, the software will need to base the product temperature on some knowledge of, or means of computing that for the sample concerned. Such a frequency distribution of collapse temperatures arises from the fact that the glassy state, formed in the interstitial region of the matrix, is non-stoichiometric in composition, so the collapse temperature can vary from container to container depending on the particular frequency distribution. 

Fig. 3 Mean-annual (1950-1960) vertical distribution of water temperature (°C) on the meridional section along the western part of the Aral Sea in spring (a), summer (b), and autumn (c) [1]...

Meteorological sounding balloons (radiosondes) are used routinely to measure from networks of stations on all continents the vertical distribution of pressure, temperature, wind velocity, and to some extent also relative humidity. Radiosondes reach altitudes of about 30 km. Atmospheric conditions at greater heights have been explored by means of rocket sondes and, in recent years, also by infrared sounding techniques from satellites. 

In the development of the method itself, the increase in the temperature in the isotachophoretic zones played an important role since temperature measurement was the first universal detection procedure with sufficient sensitivity in the capillary isotachophoresis . In connection with the detection by means of a thermocouple, more attention was devoted to the study of interrelations between the longitudinal distribution of the temperature on the outside wall of the isotachophoretic column and the width and the position of the zone boundary inside the column. At present, the thermocouple detector lost greater significance however, the temperature regime in the isotachophoretic column still requires adequate attention. 

The determination of a mean physical model of the photosphere and the chromosphere involves the contribution of numerous observations in the visible, ultraviolet and infrared, leading to a distribution of kinetic temperature T (z), density N (z), electron density N (z), and higher moments such as turbulent... 

The phase transition of DNP could further be characterized by specific heat measurements for monomer and thermally polymerized single crystals (Fig. 9.46) [98]. These data support the description of the phase transition of the monomer crystals as a tricritical transition. This means it is a borderline case between a first-order and second-order phase transition, with a distribution of transition temperatures. The transition enthalpy was much lower than the corresponding order-disorder transition, in agreement with results obtained by Ber-tault et al. via Raman spectroscopy, which proved the importance of displacive contributions to the DNP phase transition [99]. 

The calculations were made using mean values of p, rj, and D inside the bubble length, L, corresponding to the mean temperature T = (T + T I2. It was assumed that a constant temperature gradient is imposed dTIdx = const, i.e., that the distribution of the temperature, T, was linear inside the bubble. The distribution of the vapor pressure, p(x), corresponding to the imposed value of dTIdx = const, and the value of the total mass flow rate, Q, were calculated. Tabulated values of the liquid-air interfacial tension, y(7), and the saturated vapor pressure, p/I), were used in the calculations. The intermediate values were found by linear (for the interfacial tension, y) and logarithmic (for the saturated pressure, Pj) interpolations. 

Many different combinations of surfactant and protective coUoid are used in emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate as stabilizers. The properties of the emulsion and the polymeric film depend to a large extent on the identity and quantity of the stabilizers. The choice of stabilizer affects the mean and distribution of particle size which affects the rheology and film formation. The stabilizer system also impacts the stabiUty of the emulsion to mechanical shear, temperature change, and compounding. Characteristics of the coalesced resin affected by the stabilizer include tack, smoothness, opacity, water resistance, and film strength (41,42). 

To carry out this method, values are chosen for Tq, the desired temperature, and v, the mean frequency with which each particle experiences a stochastic collision. If successive collisions are uncorrected, then the distribution of time intervals between two successive stochastic collisions, P(v, t), is of the Poisson fonn. 

The assumption of harmonic vibrations and a Gaussian distribution of neighbors is not always valid. Anharmonic vibrations can lead to an incorrect determination of distance, with an apparent mean distance that is shorter than the real value. Measurements should preferably be carried out at low temperatures, and ideally at a range of temperatures, to check for anharmonicity. Model compounds should be measured at the same temperature as the unknown system. It is possible to obtain the real, non-Gaussian, distribution of neighbors from EXAFS, but a model for the distribution is needed and inevitably more parameters are introduced. 

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