Distance large scale

Generally, accidental emissions take place close to the earth s surface. The scale of the turbulence in the surface layer is limited by the distance to the earth s surface, so the characteristic size of the large-scale turbulence decreases towards the surface. Therefore, some degree of homogeneity in a vapor cloud is first to be expected in a thin layer adjacent to the ground (Wilson et al. 1982b). The thickness of this layer will increase as the vertical dimension of the cloud grows. 

Certainly, photochemical air pollution is not merely a local problem. Indeed, spread of anthropogenic smog plumes away from urban centers results in regional scale oxidant problems, such as found in the NE United States and many southern States. Ozone production has also been connected with biomass burning in the tropics (79,80,81). Transport of large-scale tropospheric ozone plumes over large distances has been documented from satellite measurements of total atmospheric ozone (82,83,84), originally taken to study stratospheric ozone depletion. 

The major advantage of time-resolved X-ray techniques, as compared to optical spectroscopy, is that their wavelength X as well as the pulse duration r can be chosen to fit the atomic scales. This is not the case for optical spectroscopy, where the wavelength X exceeds interatomic distances by three orders of magnitude at least. Unfortunately, X-ray techniques also have their drawbacks. They require large-scale instruments such as the synchrotron. Even much larger... 

Formation of polynuclear lead species with parameters close to isolated lead bromophenoxides during DPC synthesis was found by EXAFS of frozen active reaction mixtures (Pb-0 = 2.34 A, Pb Pb = 3.83 A). Noteworthy, in samples of final reaction mixtures, where catalyst was inactive, short Pb Pb distances were absent. These polynuclear compounds have been tested as lead sources in large-scale runs (small scale reactions were inconclusive due to heterogeneity of reaction mixtures because these compounds are less soluble than PbO). It was found that the use of lead bromophenoxides instead of PbO increases both Pd TON (by 25-35%), and reaction selectivity (from 65 - 67 % to 75 - 84 %). Activity of different lead bromophenoxides was about the same (within experimental error) but the best selectivity was observed for complex Pb602(0Ph)6Br2. Therefore, the gain in selectivity vs. loss due to additional preparation step should be analyzed for practical application. 

Trends in emission lines from HII regions in Scd galaxies as a function of galactocentric distance interpreted by L. Searle as a consequence of large-scale abundance gradients. 

There is no evidence that Minkowski space is flat on the large scale. The assumption of euclidean Minkowski space could therefore be, and probably is an illusion, like the flat earth. In fact, there is compelling evidence from observed spectroscopic red shifts that space is curved over galactic distances. These red shifts are proportional to distances from the source, precisely as required by a curved space-time[52j. An alternative explanation, in terms of an expanding-universe model that ascribes the red shifts to a Doppler... 

Gas-to-liquids plants are generally located close to natural gas fields, as the transport costs for liquid fuels are less than those for gaseous fuels. The production of GTL is considered to be an alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG), specifically when focusing on the end-product vehicle fuel and not the long distance transport of energy. In 1993, a first large-scale GTL plant was erected by Shell in Bintulu, Sarawak in Malaysia, based on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The plant s total thermal process efficiency is about 63% (Shell, 1995) (see Table 7.11) a second plant is under construction in Qatar, with production expected to begin in 2010. 

The mean velocity of eddies changes at a definitive distance called the scale of motion (SOM) (11). The bigger these eddies are, the longer is the SOM [(9), Sec. 4]. Apart from large scale eddies, a number of small scale eddies ... 

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