Disposal biological treatment

Z. Evaporation. If the wastewater is in low volume and the waste material involatile, then evaporation can be used to concentrate the waste. The relatively pure evaporated water might still require biological treatment after condensation. The concentrated waste can then be recycled or sent for further treatment or disposal. The cost of such operations can be prohibitively expensive unless the heat available in the evaporated water can be recovered. 

Sludge disposal typically can be responsible for 25 to 40 percent of the operating costs of a biological treatment system. Treatment of sludge is aimed primarily at reducing its volume. This is so because the sludge is usually 95 to 99 percent water and the cost of disposal... 

Clarifiers typically are used in chemical precipitation and biological treatment processes to remove precipitated metal soHds and suspended biological soHds. To prevent the sludge blanket from becoming too thick or heavy, part of the sludge blanket is removed continuously or intermittently from the system and thickened prior to disposal. 

Physical color removal technologies that were reported in the literature include adsorption, chemical precipitation, and membrane separation [14—17]. The high cost and disposal problems have opened the door for further investigation of new techniques. The inability of biological treatment processes in degrading azo dye compounds makes physical treatment a necessary stage prior to biotreatment in... 

Leo Weitzman received his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Purdue University. He is a consultant with 30 years of experience in the development, design, permitting, and operation of equipment and facilities for treating hazardous wastes and remediation debris. Dr. Weitzman has extensive experience in the disposal of hazardous waste and contaminated materials by thermal treatment, chemical reaction, solvent extraction, biological treatment, and stabilization. He has published over 40 technical papers... 

The unit cost of this technology, including disposal, was approximately 4/m. It is estimated that treatment will have to continue until at least 2020. This has prompted our search for alternative, less expensive techniques which take into account expected changes in mine water chemistry, as well as the decreasing load of contaminants over time. Soon after commissioning the conventional treatment plant, it became clear that a passive or semi-passive biological treatment system would be needed for the long-term. Therefore, WISMUT adopted a two-step approach, in which ... 

It has been estimated that over 400,000 m of dilute waste pesticide solution are generated In the United States annually ( 1 ). While the bulk of these waste solutions are used legally as spray diluent, some are disposed of by chemical or biological treatment, Incineration, or In soil pits and evaporation ponds (1-3). 

One difference between these systems and the biological treatment of nonhazardous wastewater is that the exhaust air may contain volatile hazardous substances or intermediate biodegradation products. Therefore, the air must be treated as secondary hazardous wastes by physical, chemical, physico-chemical, or biological methods. Other secondary hazardous wastes may include the biomass of microorganisms that may accumulate volatile hazardous substances or intermediate products of their biodegradation. This hazardous liquid or semisolid waste must be properly treated, incinerated, or disposed. 

Significant parameters to be considered in designing a treatment and disposal facility for pharmaceutical wastewater are given in Table 12. Biochemical oxygen demand measurements of the waste have been reported to increase greatly with dilution, indicating the presence of toxic or inhibitory substances in some pharmaceutical effluents. The toxicity impact upon various biological treatments by various antibiotics, bactericidal-type compounds, and other pharmaceuticals has been described in the literature [21-24]. 

Under proper conditions, biological treatment effectively removes priority pollutants, nonconventional pollutants (TOC), and conventional pollutants (e.g., BOD). The mechanism of pollutant removal may be one or more of the following (a) biological degradation of the pollutant, (b) adsorption of the pollutant onto sludge, which is separately disposed, or (c) volatilization of the pollutant into the air. 

Waste in the EU contains approximately 30-40% of organic waste. For the disposal of this organic waste, different end of-life-options are possible landfilling, incineration and biological treatment. 

Liquid-phase adsorption using GAC is one of the most widely used remediation technologies. The major disadvantage of this approach is that it simply transfers contaminants from one phase to another, and further treatment or disposal of the receiving phase is typically required. Biological treatment has the potential to completely destroy contaminants, and it is generally... 

Lester, J. N. (1987). Biological treatment. In Heavy Metals in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes Treatment and Disposal, Vol. 2,ed.J.N. Lester, pp. 15-40. New York CRC Press. 

At present, physical and biological methods are applied in Germany for the disposal of ammunition waste. Figure 6.3 shows the LC-NMR chromatogram of an extract of a TNT-contaminated soil sample from Tanne (Lower Saxony, Germany) before biological treatment. 

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