Disposable articles

The primary non-woven applications for hot melts are in disposable articles such as diapers and sanitary napkins (see Fig. 22). These articles are made by high speed processes and are immediately packaged in sealed plastic bags, thus they are prime candidates for hot melt use. The applications are broken down into three categories, requiring three different types of adhesives construction, elastic attachment, and garment attachment. 

P.R.53 1 is also very strong in PVC. It is not very lightfast, but a number of disposable articles are colored to advantage with P.R.53 1. However, it has a poor fastness to bleeding. For economical reasons, P.R.53 1 is also employed in polystyrene, in which it is heat stable up to 280°C and moderately lightfast (step 1-2 on the Blue Scale). 

These compositions may comprise a single ethylene/ alpha-olefin or a blend thereof and, optionally, at least one diluent including waxes, plasticisers, such as oil, polymeric tackifiers or mixtures thereof. They may be used as cabinet sealants and as foam layers in disposable articles, such as nappies, incontinence devices and medical devices, such as bandages and dressings. 

The physiological inertness of silicone rubber enables its use in the manufacture and packaging of food, as disposable articles for contact with the body e.g. teats for babies and implants in the human body, e.g. artificial heart valves. 

Hot melt adhesive compositions srritable for a variety of applications, especially non-woven disposable articles, are prepared by blending various adhesive components with a bacteriostat. The bacteriostat is incorporated into the adhesive compositions in sufficient amounts to inhibit the growth of various microoiganisms, particularly bacteria. The preferred bacteriostat is triclosan in amounts of 0.01 to 5% by weight. 

VcstoleB . piOls Am. HOls AG] HDPE or PP for inj. mcdding, rotational mcdd-ing, large containers, tubular film, coat-it, extrusion, fib pkg., domestic articles, camping equipinent housdioid and disposable articles, pressure p monofilaments, coaled fobtics, automotive, elec, goods. 

Natural polymers such as starch and protein are potential alternatives to petroleum-based polymers for a number of applications. Unfortunately, their high solubility in water limit their use for water sensitive applications. To solve this problem thermoplastic starches have been laminated using water-resistant, biodegradable polymers. For example, polylactic acid and P(3HB-co-3HV) were utilised as the outer layers of the stratified polyester/PWS (plasticized wheat starch)/polyester film strucmre in order to improve the mechanical properties and water resistance of PWS which made it useful for food packaging and disposable articles [65]. Moreover, improved physic-chemical interactions between P(3HB-CO-3HV) and wheat straw fibres were achieved with high temperature treatment. It resulted in increased P(3HB-co-3HV) crystallization, increased Young s moduli and lowered values of stress and strain to break than the neat matrix of P(3HB-co-3HV). There was no difference in the biodegradation rate of the polymer [66]. 

Fig. 33 Disposable articles made by injection molding of PBS. From left to right-, knife, golf nail,...

Besides mulch films, other potential agricultural applications for biodegradable polymers include devices for the controlled release of agrochemicals (such as fertilisers, soil applied active ingredients, insect pheromones and so on), disposable articles such as plant pots, composting containers and bags, envelopes of ensilage, seed trays and so on. 

During the past few decades a substantial amount of effort has been devoted to the development of renewable products that are readily biodegradable, such as bioplastics for solid disposable articles, packaging applications, biobased surfactants, co-builders and bleaching activators for detergency applications and starch and sugar based products for the cosmetics industry. ... 

Sterilisation of disposable articles is generally carried out with a radiation dose of about 25 kj/kg or 25 kGy (2.5 Mrad). Due to the absence of tertiary carbon that initiates the degradation of the material and loss of mechanical properties, PE has a considerable radiation resistance. 

MAJOR PRODUCT APPLICATIONS biodegradable materials, bulk molding, calendering, coatings, composites, containers, cosmetics, disposable articles, extruded products, films, inl, injection molding, in-mold coating, lacquers, molded articles, pharmaceuticals, seals, sheet ... 

Both reusable and disposable laboratory clothing are available from supply houses or uniform service companies. Reusable clothing, although initially more expensive, will eventually save money. But if laboratory clothing becomes contaminated with hazardous chemicals, or contact with corrosive chemicals damages the garment, the use of disposable articles allows for comparatively inexpensive replacement. 

The absorbent process in disposable articles, which begins with a fluid insult to the coversheet, continues at the interface between the coversheet and the absorbent core. Rapid transfer of fluid must occur to avoid runoff. The ability of the core to wick fluid away from the interface facilitates high flux. The absorption process is finished as the core reaches saturation. 

Polyhydroxyalkanoate is a polyester identified in 1925 by the microbiologist Maurice Lemoigne. It can be synthesised by various bacteria (Alcaligenes Eutrophus, cyanobacteria). Lower concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources increase the yield and the quality of the polymers produced (Steinbiichel, 2002). There are numerous potential applications for PHA (cosmetics containers, disposable articles, medical implants, paper coatings). Moreover, PHA can be formulated in many grades, from elastic products to crystalline ones, it is a good candidate for blends and easy to process with traditional equipment (Whitehouse, 2000). 

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