Disease measurement

The success of this approach is illustrated by the multiple industry benchmarks it has established, but none more clearly than its use on a large multinational evaluation involving 1500 patients for a drug for Alzheimer disease. Measured against starting project goals, the system was central to the ability to complete the project 1.6 years ahead of the 5-year schedule and 32 million under budget [9]. 

An important qualification must be made. While a biomarker may be of proven value in establishing whether a drug has the desired effect in patients or healthy volunteers (see Section 4.6.3) and for evaluation of the dose-response relationship, a biomarker may not be a surrogate for the clinical endpoint. Thus, suppression of testosterone after an initial rise will give an almost immediate endpoint for the effect of GnRH analogues in prostate cancer but the relationship breaks down later in the disease. Measures of blood glucose control are vital... 

Leenders, K.L., Palmer, A.J., Quinn, N., Clark, J.C., Firnau, G., Garnett, E.S., Nahmias. C., Jones. T.. Marsden. C.D. Brain dopamine metabolism in patients with Parkinson s disease measured with positron emission tomography. J. NeuroL Neurcsurg. Psychiatry 49, 853-860, 1986. 

Heart rate in a patient with ischemic heart disease measured by telemetry while watching television. Measurements were begun 1 hour after receiving placebo upper line, red) or 40 mg of oxprenolol lower line, blue), a nonselective -antagonist with partial agonist activity. Not only was the heart rate decreased by the drug under the conditions of this experiment, it also varied much less in response to stimuli. 

Biomarkers of response, also referred to as biomarkers of effect or disease, measure an event resulting from a toxic interaction, which is predictive of an adverse health effect or is an adverse health effect. The development of biomarkers of effect and their use in studies have many public health applications, including providing information of the etiology of disease, early detection of disease (screening), and evaluating the efficiency of therapeutic agents. Biomarkers of effect also are useful in... 

Table 1.5. Incidence rates of transient ischemic attack and stroke according to stringency of definition applied and previous cerebrovascular disease measured in OXVASC (2002-2005)...

Clarke CE, Lowry M, Horsman A (1997) Unchanged basal ganglia N-acetylaspartate and glutamate in idiopathic Parkinson s disease measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mov Disord 12 297-301... 

HiUcer R, Voges J, Thiel A, GhaemiM, Herholz K, Sturm V, Heiss WD (2002) Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus versus levodopa challenge in Parkinson s disease Measuring the on- and off-conditions with FDG-PET. J Neural Transm 109 1257-1264. 

In the patient with manifest disease, measurement of the serum T4 concentration, T3 resin uptake (or free T4), and the TSH value will confirm the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. If the patient is not pregnant, a 24-hour RAID should be obtained. An increased RAIU documents that the thyroid gland is inappropriately utilizing the iodine to produce more thyroid hormone at a time when the patient is thyrotoxic. 

Tl. Takeshige, K., Matsumoto, T., Shibata, R., and Minakami, S., Simple and rapid method for the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease, measuring hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions released from leukocytes in whole blood. Clin. Chim. Acta 92, 329-335 (1979). 

Moore PB, Day JP, Taylor GA, et al Absorption of aluminium-26 in Alzheimer s disease, measured using accelerator mass spectrometry. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 11 66-69, 2000... 

Role of disease Measure disease Begin with disease End with disease... 

Lev MH, Ackerman RH, Lustrin ES et al (1995) Two dimensional spiral CT angiography in carotid occlusive disease measurement of residual lumen diameter with ultrasound correlation. Proceedings of the 33rd annual meeting of the American Society of Neuroradiology, Chicago, IL. 

In an investigation of possible causes of Alzheimer s disease, Lamar el have examined metabolite levels in subjects with Down syndrome, who have a greater risk for the development of Alzheimer s disease. Measurements in subjects with Down syndrome revealed higher ml in subjects with dementia compared to subjects without dementia, control subjects and subjects without Down syndrome, but with Alzheimer s disease. 

The activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum is elevated above normal in a variety of different bone diseases, as well as biliary obstruction and some other liver diseases. Measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum can thus give useful information about these conditions. It is especially useful for diagnosis of preclinical rickets and osteomalacia (section 11.3.4). 

Ye FQ, Allen PS et al. (1996) Basal ganglia iron content in Parkinson s disease measured with magnetic resonance. Mov Disod 11 243-249... 

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