Negative space

Figure 36. Stored negative space charge (a), coupled electric field (b), and internal voltage (c) in anodic oxide during anodization (curve 1) and during isothermal aging at various times (curves 2-7).61...

Figure 38. Calculated j-U curves for dielectric with negative space charge (solid curves) and reference uncharged one (dashed curve). The insets illustrate curve linearization in log j- U and log j-Ul/2 coordinates.62...

Let us note one vital point, which is of methodological importance. It has been traditionally accepted in electrochemistry to choose the positive direction of the electrode potential

positive electrode charge. Here the zero potential is assumed to be that of the reference electrode, which coincides, within a constant, with the potential in the solution bulk (— oo). On the other hand, in physics of semiconductor surface the potential is usually reckoned from the value in the semiconductor bulk ( ) the enrichment of the surface with electrons, i.e., the formation of a negative space charge, corresponding to the positive potential of the surface. In particular, this statement directly follows from the Boltzmann distribution for electrons and holes in the space-charge region in a semiconductor ... 

Structures or compounds which are ion exchangers have an intrinsic-structural charge, <7, which can be expected to shift the ZPC away from the calculated value by a variable amount. Prolonged exposure to extreme pH may result in adsorption or desorption of protons resulting in a positive or negative space charge, hence a finite basic direction. Negative <7i should move the ZPC in the acid direction. 

Fatuzzo and Coppo (146) observed that the negative space charge at the surface of their large crystals of silver bromide was reversed when the surface was covered by silver sulfide. 

See the next section for a discussion of the principles of good composition. These principles include a strong center of interest, a predetermined direction for the movements of a viewer s eye, a balance of parts, and interesting use of positive and negative space. They provide some basic common denominators to visual expression. However, there are unlimited possibilities for a meaningful arrangement of these common denominators. The more unique the arrangement, the more powerful the work of art. 

This is addressed in greater detail in Chapter 5 for now, it is sufficient to say that the artist should be aware of not only the shapes and sizes of the subject matter but also the negative space, or remaining space in the background. Too much negative space can overpower the subject matter, detracting from it rather than complementing it. 

Good composition is discussed, including color, center of interest, positive and negative space, balance, proportion, repetition, and movement. 

Negative space is the place around the sculpture. A sculpture makes negative space come alive. 

How can outdoor sculpture gardens maximize negative space ... 

In outdoor gardens, the surrounding landscape provides intriguing negative space for the installed sculptures. 

Laumeier Park in St. Louis provides rolling hills and groves of trees for sculpture negative space. 

Activity 5.3 will acquaint students with positive and negative space in macrosculptures (two- and three-dimensional works of art) and in microsculptures (unbranched, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbon molecules). 

Students will list ways in which negative space can enhance a two-dimensional work of art. 

Students will construct models of hydrocarbon molecules (three-dimensional microsculptures) and describe the negative space that surrounds these sculptures in terms of size, shape, and relationship to positive space. 

Pencil tracing paper magazines reproductions of two-dimensional artwork using positive and negative space ruler ball-and-stick molecular-model building kit. (Comment Don t use Styrofoam balls—correct bond angle holes are needed for tetrahedral shape.)... 

Using pencil, darken in the negative spaces, leaving the positive shapes white. 

Build ball-and-stick models of the following molecules unbranched— methane (CH4), branched—2-methyl 4-ethylhexane (C9H20), and cyclic— cyclohexane (C6H12), and identify positive and negative space. 

How can negative space enhance a sculpture How can negative space overpower a sculpture ... 

Variety. The sculpture should possess an interesting silhouette and interesting interior negative space. 

Unity. As the negative space is viewed from various angles, there should be a continuity of design. The eye should move easily from view to view. 

A catalyst is a special chemical substance that, when viewed as a microsculpture, has many of the characteristics of a successful three-dimensional sculpture, mainly variety, unity, and interest. A catalyst is a chemical substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction but is not itself changed into a product. The catalyst is not consumed in the chemical change. If the catalyst is viewed as a microsculpture, it is the negative space of this microsculpture that is involved in the catalyst mechanism for changing the rate of a chemical reaction. This can be illustrated with either heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysts. 

Locks and Keys Catalysts and Positive and Negative Space... 

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