DIOS process

The Japanese Direct Iron Ore Smelting (DIOS) process. This process produces molten iron directly with coal and sinter feed ore. A 500 ton per day pilot plant was started up in October, 1993 and the designed production rates were attained as a short term average. Data generated is being used to determine economic feasibility on a commercial scale. 

Some cokeless technologies in use or under development include the Japanese direct iron ore smelting (DIOS) process, in which molten iron is produced directly with coal and sinter feed ore, the HIsmelt process, where ore fines and coal are used to achieve a production rate of 8 t/h using ore directly in the smelter, and the Corex process, which has an integral coal desulfurizing step, making it amenable to a variety of coal types.14... 

Long-term development work is focusing on direct smelting technologies. Multimillion dollar development programs are underway in the United States (AISI Direct Ironmaking process), Australia (HIsmelt process), and Japan (DIOS process). A direct smelting process, called the COREX process, already is in commercial operation in South Africa. 

Process causes are related to tlie fundamentals of process chemistry, control, and general operation. Examples of possible sulfur dio.xide releases include... 

Backflow of process reactants to a sulfur dio.xide feed tank, resulting in... 

No published work exists on the kinetics of acid permanganate oxidation of hydroxy-acids although Pink and Stewart have noted that benzilic acid is oxidised by acid permanganate to benzophenone in an autocatalytic process with knjo/ Dio of unity. 

Inatani, T., The Current Status of JISF Research on the Direct Iron Ore Smelting Reduction Process (DIOS Project), in AIME Ironmaking Conf. Proc., p. 651 (1991)... 

Chiral benzamides I and the pyrrolobenzodiazepine-5,11-dio-nes n have proven to be effective substrates for asymmetric organic synthesis. Although the scale of reaction in our studies has rarely exceeded the 50 to 60 g range, there is no reason to believe that considerably larger-scale synthesis will be impractical. Applications of the method to more complex aromatic substrates and to the potentially important domain of polymer supported synthesis are currently under study. We also are developing complementary processes that do not depend on a removable chiral auxiliary but rather utilize stereogenic centers from the chiral pool as integral stereodirectors within the substrate for Birch reduction-alkylation. 

We therefore set about, with A. C. de Dios and J. G. Pearson, and using the Texas code from P. Pulay (12), the process of computing 13C and 15N shieldingsin proteins using purely quantum chemical methods. To our delight - it worked (13). In particular, we found that we could use quite small amino acid derivatives, N-formyl-amino-acid amides, which contain two peptide-like amide groups ... 

Fig. 52 Temperature dependence of H T2 at 21.3 MHz at different external hydrostatic pressures. The arrow indicates the approximate centre of the pressure-dependent line narrowing process a BPA-PC and b BPA-dio-PC (from [44])...

The distribution of LCM in the brain parenchyma was further analyzed using fluorescently labeled LCM and confocal laser scanning microscopy. As in the case of unlabeled LCM, rats bearing 9L gliosarcoma tumors were injected intravenously (i.e., via tail vein) with diO-LCM and sacrificed 2 min later. The brains were processed as described elsewhere (ref. 531). In this case,... 

Serial optical sections of tumor cells incubated with diO-LCM for 20 min at RT gave an identical staining pattern as seen in the brain tumor in situ (cf. Fig. 13.1 (bottom right panel)), and showed that LCM became internalized. The process was temperature dependent. When incubated at 37°C, LCM were taken up by C6 tumor cells at the rate of 7 LCM/5 min, while the rate was 4 LCM/5 min at RT. Little uptake by the tumor cells took place at 4°C. These results are illustrated in Fig. 13.5, and are consistent with endocytosis being the main mechanism of LCM uptake by tumor cells (ref. 531). 

As noted, the sample of neopentyllithium in diethyl ether-dio, described above, contained neopentyllithium dimer solvated by diethyl ether-dio, 0.125 M, in addition to the 14 PMDTA monomer 0.34 M. Averaging of the 6Li NMR for these two species indicated a fast mutual exchange of lithiums between PMDTA coordinated monomer and ether solvated dimer. NMR line shape analysis of the 6Li resonance gave AH = 12 kcalmol-1 and AS = +10 eu for this exchange process. It is interesting that at 230 K the pseudo-first-order rate constants for inversion in 14-PMDTA and exchange between the latter monomer and dimeric etherate are, respectively, 5.06 s 1 and 2.57 s-1. This implies that the two processes may be mechanistically linked and that nitrogen inversion in 14 PMDTA alone must be a much slower process. 

Radicals generated during peroxidation of lipids and proteins show reactivity similar to that of the hydroxyl radical however, their oxidative potentials are lower. It is assumed that the reactive alkoxyl radicals rather than the peroxyl radicals play a part in protein fragmentation secondary to lipid peroxidation process, or protein exposure to organic hydroperoxides (DIO). Reaction of lipid radicals produces protein-lipid covalent bonds and dityrosyl cross-links. Such cross-links were, for example, found in dimerization of Ca2+-ATPase from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. The reaction was carried out in vitro by treatment of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes with an azo-initiator, 2,2/-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), which generated peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals (V9). 

Urea is made by a process tliat combines tuumonia witli ctubon dioxide under pressure to form ammonium carbamate, wliich is tlien decomposed into urea and water. The unreticted carbon dio.xidc and aimnonia are recovered and recycled to tlic synthesis operation. 

You are now ready to enter the equations for the internal and boundary nodes. Some spreadsheets may start solving the equations as you enter them leading to all sorts of error messages. To avoid this outcome, define a constant in, say, cell A3 (first column, third row) to be zero, and multiply each equation by A3 as you enter it. Then, when you have completed entering all the equations, you need to solve the problem, change A3 from 0 to 1, and begin iteration. A formula is entered in a cell, but the formulas themselves are not displayed in the cell on the screen. What is displayed is the value given by the formula. For example, to show the product in cell DIO of the feed located in cell F24 and the concentration located in F25, you would enter into cell DIO the formula F24 F25. It is recommended that you set up the overall material balances about specific process units in addition to the equations entered on the main part of the spreadsheet. If you take this step, you can quickly check for errors in the setup of the balances. Also, as you enter equations and data, check interim calculations just as you would check out a computer code as it was written. 

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