Dinitrogen tetroxide hydrazines

C06-0112. In some liquid-fuel rockets, such as the lunar lander module of the Apollo moon missions, the fuels are liquid hydrazine (N2 H4 ) and dinitrogen tetroxide gas (N2 O4 ). The two chemicals ignite on contact to release very large amounts of energy 2 N2 H4(/) + N2 04(g) 3 N2(g) + 4 H2 0(g)... 

Hydrazine combusts spontaneously In contact with dinitrogen tetroxide. As with nitric acid, this property made it suitable as a propellant for rockets from the N2O4/N2NNH2 system. 

O A mixture of liquid hydrazine, N2H4, and liquid dinitrogen tetroxide can be used as a rocket fuel. The products of the reaction are nitrogen gas and water vapour. 

They remain liquid under normal, ambient operating conditions (moderate temperature, atmospheric pressure). Safety in storage and handling should also be considered. A storable liquid propellant should not have an excessively high vapour pressure at ambient temperature. The leading storable propellant uses dinitrogen tetroxide as oxidizer and a 50/50 mixture of hydrazine-unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel [71], Nitrogen tetroxide and UDMH is another storable propellant mixture in use [73],... 

Dinitrogen Tetroxide.—The dimer of nitrogen dioxide is not very stable its enthalpy of formation from the monomer is 13.873 kcal/mole. The molecule is found in both the crystal (x-ray diffraction)29 and the gas (electron diffraction)80 to be planar, with orthorhombic symmetry. The N—N bond length reported for the crystal is 1.64 A. The value for the gas molecule, 1.75 A, is probably somewhat more accurate.81 This value is 0.28 A greater than the single-bond value found for hydrazine the bond number of the bond is accordingly about 0.34 (Equation 7-7). 

In the Chapter 7 opener, you learned that a fuel mixture consisting of hydrazine, N2H4, and dinitrogen tetroxide, N204, was used to launch a lunar module. These two compounds react to form nitrogen gas and water vapour. If 50.0 g of hydrazine reacts with sufficient dinitrogen tetroxide, what mass of nitrogen gas is formed ... 

Reactant hydrazine, N2H4 -> 150.0 g Reactant dinitrogen tetroxide, N204 Product nitrogen, N2 Product water, H20... 

Monosubstituted hydrazines and hydrazides are converted into azides by a variety of nitrosating agents. The mildest reagent appears to be dinitrogen tetroxide, which can be used below 0 C in acetonitrile to convert benzoylhydrazine, p-toluenesulfonylhydrazine and 4-nitrobenzoylhydrazine, among others, into the corresponding azides in high yield. Another mild method involves the use of iron(lll) nitrate supported on clay. These reactions probably proceed by way of transient N-nitroso compounds (Scheme 19). 

The strong oxidizing agent dinitrogen tetroxide is used for many applications. It is employed as a catalyst in oxidation reactions and as an inhibitor in the distillation of acrylates. It is also used in the manufacture of explosives and as bleach. In rocket propellants, it is used in a hypergolic mixture with hydrazine derivatives. The command module of the Apollo mission used a 1 1 mixture of hydrazine and N,N -dimethylhydrazine with N2O4 as the oxidant. 

The space shuttle orbiter utilizes the oxidation of methyl hydrazine by dinitrogen tetroxide for propulsion ... 

The reaction between hydrazine, N2H4, and dinitrogen tetroxide is sometimes used in rocket propulsion. Balance the equation below, then use it to answer the following questions. 

Dimethyl hydrazine (CH3)2N2H2 ignites spontaneously upon contact with dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) ... 

Because this reaction produces an enormous amount of energy from a small amount of reactants, it was used to drive the rockets on the Lunar Excursion Modules (LEMs) of the Apollo space program. If 2.0 moles of dimethyl hydrazine are mixed with 4.0 moles of dinitrogen tetroxide, and the reaction achieves an 85% yield, how many moles of N2, H2O, and CO2 will be formed ... 

Hydrazine and its derivative methylhydrazine, N2H3(CH3>, together with the oxidizer dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), are used as rocket fuels. Hydrazine also plays a role in polymer synthesis and in the manufacture of pesticides. 

A rocket can be powered by the reaction between dinitrogen tetroxide and hydrazine ... 

Space Shuttle PropeUants At liftojf, the arbiter and an external fuel tank carry 3,164,445 L of the liquid propellants hydrogen, oxygen, hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, and dinitrogen tetroxide. Their total mass is 727,233 kg. Data for the propellants carried at liftoff are given in Table 10.6. 

The oxidizer component in liquid explosives is referred to as the materials that can provide oxygen in a detonation reaction, commonly including dinitrogen tetroxide, nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide, tetranitromethane, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine nitrate, hydrazine perchlorate, and nitrate esters. The typical raw materials of oxidizers include tris-(2,2,2-trinitroethyl) orthoformate (TNEOF), tetra-(2,2,2-trinitro-ethyl) orthocarbonate (TNEOC), urea perchlorate, nitro alcohol, and azido nitrate. The typical oxidizers are listed in Table 1.1. 

Except for the well-known chemicals of condensed nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide, tetranitromethane, nitrate ester, azide nitrate, and hydrogen peroxide, the synthesis method and properties of oxidizers, including hydrazine nitrate, dinitrogen tetroxide, urea perchlorate, glycol dinitrate, TNEOF, and ENEOC, will be introduced. 

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