Dimaleimides

MDA reacts with acid anhydrides to form amides. In the reaction with maleic anhydride both of the amino hydrogens are replaced to form the imide, A[,Ar-(methylenedi-/)-phenylene) dimaleimide [1367-54-5]... 

Maleimides Alkyl and aryl maleimides in small concentrations, e.g., 5-10 wt% significantly enhance yield of cross-link for y-irradiated (in vacuo) NR, cw-l,4-polyisoprene, poly(styrene-co-butadiene) rubber, and polychloroprene rubber. A-phenyhnaleimide and m-phenylene dimaleimide have been found to be most effective. The solubihty of the maleimides in the polymer matrix, reactivity of the double bond and the influence of substituent groups also affect the cross-fink promoting ability of these promoters [82]. The mechanism for the cross-link promotion of maleimides is considered to be the copolymerization of the rubber via its unsaturations with the maleimide molecules initiated by radicals and, in particular, by allyfic radicals produced during the radiolysis of the elastomer. Maleimides have also been found to increase the rate of cross-linking in saturated polymers like PE and poly vinylacetate [33]. 

The acrylic compounds, maleimides, dimaleimides, and thiols are known as direct cross-hnk promoters, since they enter directly into the cross-linking reaction and become interconnecting molecular links [243]. 

Fasold, H., Groschel-Stewart, U., and Turba, F. (1963) Azophenyl-dimaleimide als spaltbare peptid-brucken-bildende reagentien zwischen cysteinresten. Biochem. Z. 337, 425. 

Weston, P.D., Devries, J.A., and Wrigglesworth, R. (1980) Conjugation of enzymes to immunoglobulins using dimaleimides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 612, 40-49. 

When tested in other polymers, maleimides did not affect the rate of cross-linking in polydimethylsiloxane, polyisobutylene, and polyvinylchloride. In polyethylene, the addition of 5 wt.% of m-phenylene dimaleimide increased the G(X) from 1.8 to 7.2. In the polyvinylacetate the effect was even more pronounced the dose for gelation was reduced by about a factor of 50. Contrary to the cross-link enhancing effect found for m-phenylene dimaleimide, cross-linking was retarded in polyvinyl acetate by the addition of monomaleimides. When analyzing the mechanism of the reaction it was concluded that monomaleimides are not expected to affect cross-linking in saturated polymers. ... 

Blood disk (3-D-Galactosida.se Dimaleimide Solid phase Miyai et al. (1981)(M7)... 

Serum (3-D-Galactosidase Dimaleimide Solid phase Imagawa et al. (1.982)(I2)... 

Kovacic, P., and Flein, R. W. (1959) Cross-linkingof polymers with dimaleimide./. Am. Chem. 

HVA-2 DuPont calcium carbonate N,N-m-phenylene dimaleimide agent Curative... 

A 3-maleimidobenzoyl derivative of L-thyroxine methyl ester has also been coupled to jS-D-galactosidase and used in an enzyme immunoassay of L-thyroxine. The procedures for the conjugation of rabbit immunoglobulin G and Fab antibodies with 3-D-galactosidase using AA -2-phenylene-dimaleimide have been improved by altering the reaction conditions. ... 

Reaction with mercaptosuccinylated insulin using AW -2-phenylene-dimaleimide... 

The base methacrylate monomers utilized were a polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (PEGMA - produced by Loctite), an ethoxylated bisphenol—A dimethacrylate (EBIPMA - produced by AKZO), a urethane methacrylated capped poly(butadiene acrylonitrile) polyol, and hydroxy-propyl methacrylate (HPMA - Rohm and Haas). The following maleimide capped monomer/prepolymers were examined N-phenyl maleimide (NPM), meta-phenylene dimaleimide (m-PDM), and a reaction product of methylenedi-aniline and excess methylenedianiline bismaleimide (P-MDA-2MDABM), sold by Rhodia Corp. under the tradename of Keramide... 

Figure 10 demonstrates, once again, the outstanding resistance in thermal aging with the use of the meta-phenylene-dimaleimide (m-PDM) additive as a comonomer with a urethane methacrylate monomer. The "neat" polymerized urethane methacrylate failed catastrophically within 1000... 

The use of mono- and dimaleimides has enabled rubbers to be cross-linked at appreciably lower doses while at the same time retaining the physical properties of sulfur-vulcanized rubbers. Vale and his co-workers (77, 18) have studied the effect of a range of monomaleimides in vulcanization, the -phenyl maleimide being found to be most efficient. The G value in the presence of 6.28 % of the monomaleimide was 70, and 140 in the presence of 7 % of the />-bromo- -phenyl maleimide. Carbon black was found to enhance the cross-linking of the rubbers. 

F.W. Harris, S.O. Norris, Phenylated polyimides Diels-Alder reaction of biscyclopen-tadienones with dimaleimides, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. 11 (9) (1973) 2143-2151. 

Related to the functional acids, dimaleimides have also been attracting attention, mainly for use in filled polypropylene [36]. 

Similar studies on ENR-50/EVA blends (50/50) containing N,N -m-phenylene dimaleimide (HVA-2) indicated that it is effective in enhancing the radiation-induced crosslinking of the ENR-50 phase when compared to EVA. The irradiation-induced crosslinking in ENR/EVA blends in the presence of HVA-2 has also unproved the compatibility of the blend. A possible mechanism of crosslinking for ENR-50 and EVA with HVA-2 has been proposed. ... 

The research for new materials with improved properties included novel reactive unsaturated interfacial modifiers for polyolefin-based composites. Some functional maleimides, such as 1,3-phenylene dimaleimide and different linear alkyl dima-leimides (Liauw et al. 2006), were investigated. Most of them were very effective interfacial modifiers in polypropylene and poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) (18% w/w vinylacetate)-based composites. 

Khunova Viera, Liauw Christopher M., Kelnar Ivan, and Snauko Marian. Elimination of separation processes for post-consumer polyolefin waste Reactive blending using 1, 3-phenylene dimaleimide in presence of filler. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 294 no. 8 (2009) 502-509. 

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