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Diffusionism

One procedure makes use of a box on whose silk screen bottom powdered desiccant has been placed, usually lithium chloride. The box is positioned 1-2 mm above the surface, and the rate of gain in weight is measured for the film-free and the film-covered surface. The rate of water uptake is reported as u = m/fA, or in g/sec cm. This is taken to be proportional to - Cd)/R, where Ch, and Cd are the concentrations of water vapor in equilibrium with water and with the desiccant, respectively, and R is the diffusional resistance across the gap between the surface and the screen. Qualitatively, R can be regarded as actually being the sum of a series of resistances corresponding to the various diffusion gradients present ... [Pg.146]

It is known that even condensed films must have surface diffusional mobility Rideal and Tadayon [64] found that stearic acid films transferred from one surface to another by a process that seemed to involve surface diffusion to the occasional points of contact between the solids. Such transfer, of course, is observed in actual friction experiments in that an uncoated rider quickly acquires a layer of boundary lubricant from the surface over which it is passed [46]. However, there is little quantitative information available about actual surface diffusion coefficients. One value that may be relevant is that of Ross and Good [65] for butane on Spheron 6, which, for a monolayer, was about 5 x 10 cm /sec. If the average junction is about 10 cm in size, this would also be about the average distance that a film molecule would have to migrate, and the time required would be about 10 sec. This rate of Junctions passing each other corresponds to a sliding speed of 100 cm/sec so that the usual speeds of 0.01 cm/sec should not be too fast for pressurized film formation. See Ref. 62 for a study of another mechanism for surface mobility, that of evaporative hopping. [Pg.450]

There are two approaches to the kinetics of emulsion flocculation. The first stems from a relationship due to Smoluchowski [52] for the rate of diffusional encounters, or flux ... [Pg.511]

The Langmuir-Hinshelwood picture is essentially that of Fig. XVIII-14. If the process is unimolecular, the species meanders around on the surface until it receives the activation energy to go over to product(s), which then desorb. If the process is bimolecular, two species diffuse around until a reactive encounter occurs. The reaction will be diffusion controlled if it occurs on every encounter (see Ref. 211) the theory of surface diffusional encounters has been treated (see Ref. 212) the subject may also be approached by means of Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics techniques [213]. In the case of activated bimolecular reactions, however, there will in general be many encounters before the reactive one, and the rate law for the surface reaction is generally written by analogy to the mass action law for solutions. That is, for a bimolecular process, the rate is taken to be proportional to the product of the two surface concentrations. It is interesting, however, that essentially the same rate law is obtained if the adsorption is strictly localized and species react only if they happen to adsorb on adjacent sites (note Ref. 214). (The apparent rate law, that is, the rate law in terms of gas pressures, depends on the form of the adsorption isotherm, as discussed in the next section.)... [Pg.722]

Agmon N and Kosloff R 1987 Dynamics of two-dimensional diffusional barrier crossing J. Phys. Chem. 91 1988-96... [Pg.866]

Shalashilin D V and Thompson D L 1996 Intrinsic non-RRK behavior classical trajectory, statistical theory, and diffusional theory studies of a unimolecular reaction J. Chem. Phys. 105 1833—45... [Pg.1044]

Early studies showed tliat tire rates of ET are limited by solvation rates for certain barrierless electron transfer reactions. However, more recent studies showed tliat electron-transfer rates can far exceed tire rates of diffusional solvation, which indicate critical roles for intramolecular (high frequency) vibrational mode couplings and inertial solvation. The interiDlay between inter- and intramolecular degrees of freedom is particularly significant in tire Marcus inverted regime [45] (figure C3.2.12)). [Pg.2986]

The local dynamics of tire systems considered tluis far has been eitlier steady or oscillatory. However, we may consider reaction-diffusion media where tire local reaction rates give rise to chaotic temporal behaviour of tire sort discussed earlier. Diffusional coupling of such local chaotic elements can lead to new types of spatio-temporal periodic and chaotic states. It is possible to find phase-synchronized states in such systems where tire amplitude varies chaotically from site to site in tire medium whilst a suitably defined phase is synclironized tliroughout tire medium 51. Such phase synclironization may play a role in layered neural networks and perceptive processes in mammals. Somewhat suriDrisingly, even when tire local dynamics is chaotic, tire system may support spiral waves... [Pg.3067]

When a pure gas flows through a channel the accompanying fall in pressure is accounted for partly by acceleration of the flowing stream and partly by momentum transfer to the stationary walls. Since a porous medium may be regarded as an assembly of channels, similar considerations apply to flow through porous media, but in the diffusional situations of principal interest here accelerational pressure loss can usually be neglected. If more than one molecular species is present, we are also interested in the relative motions of the different species, so momentum transfers by collisions between different types of molecules are also important. [Pg.6]

As a consequence of this, i enever bulk dlffusional resistance domin ates Knudsen diffusional resistance, so that 1, it follows that fi 1 also, and hence viscous flow dominates Knudsen streaming. Thus when we physically approach the limit of bulk diffusion control, by increasing the pore sizes or the pressure, we must simultaneously approach the limit of viscous flow. This justifies a statement made in Chapter 5. [Pg.128]

All of these time correlation functions contain time dependences that arise from rotational motion of a dipole-related vector (i.e., the vibrationally averaged dipole P-avejv (t), the vibrational transition dipole itrans (t) or the electronic transition dipole ii f(Re,t)) and the latter two also contain oscillatory time dependences (i.e., exp(icofv,ivt) or exp(icOfvjvt + iAEi ft/h)) that arise from vibrational or electronic-vibrational energy level differences. In the treatments of the following sections, consideration is given to the rotational contributions under circumstances that characterize, for example, dilute gaseous samples where the collision frequency is low and liquid-phase samples where rotational motion is better described in terms of diffusional motion. [Pg.427]

The problem has been discussed in terms of chemical potential by Everett and Haynes, who emphasize that the condition of diffusional equilibrium throughout the adsorbed phase requires that the chemical potential shall be the same at all points within the phase and since, as already noted, the interaction energy varies wtih distance from the wall, the internal pressure must vary in sympathy, so as to enable the chemical potential to remain constant. [Pg.124]

Titrations conducted with microliter or picoliter sample volumes require a smaller absolute amount of analyte. For example, diffusional titrations have been successfully conducted on as little as 29 femtomoles (10 mol) of nitric acid. Nevertheless, the analyte must still be present in the sample at a major or minor level for the titration to be performed accurately and precisely. [Pg.312]

The two constants kj and k describe exactly the same kind of diffusional processes and differ only in direction. Hence they have the same dependence on molecular size, whatever that might be, and that dependence therefore cancels out. [Pg.282]

Mechanisms of Filter Retention. In general, filtrative processes operate via three mechanisms inertial impaction, diffusional interception, and direct interception (2). Whereas these mechanisms operate concomitantly, the relative importance and role of each may vary. [Pg.139]

Diffusional interception or Brownian motion, ie, the movement of particles resulting from molecular collisions, increases the probability of particles impacting the filter surface. Diffusional interception also plays a minor role in Hquid filtration. The nature of Hquid flow is to reduce lateral movement of particles away from the fluid flow lines. [Pg.139]

The mesopores make some contribution to the adsorptive capacity, but thek main role is as conduits to provide access to the smaller micropores. Diffusion ia the mesopores may occur by several different mechanisms, as discussed below. The macropores make very Htde contribution to the adsorptive capacity, but they commonly provide a major contribution to the kinetics. Thek role is thus analogous to that of a super highway, aHowkig the adsorbate molecules to diffuse far kito a particle with a minimum of diffusional resistance. [Pg.254]

As illustrated ia Figure 6, a porous adsorbent ia contact with a fluid phase offers at least two and often three distinct resistances to mass transfer external film resistance and iatraparticle diffusional resistance. When the pore size distribution has a well-defined bimodal form, the latter may be divided iato macropore and micropore diffusional resistances. Depending on the particular system and the conditions, any one of these resistances maybe dominant or the overall rate of mass transfer may be determined by the combiaed effects of more than one resistance. [Pg.257]

Fig. 6. Concentration profiles through an idealized biporous adsorbent particle showing some of the possible regimes. (1) + (a) rapid mass transfer, equihbrium throughout particle (1) + (b) micropore diffusion control with no significant macropore or external resistance (1) + (c) controlling resistance at the surface of the microparticles (2) + (a) macropore diffusion control with some external resistance and no resistance within the microparticle (2) + (b) all three resistances (micropore, macropore, and film) significant (2) + (c) diffusional resistance within the macroparticle and resistance at the surface of the... Fig. 6. Concentration profiles through an idealized biporous adsorbent particle showing some of the possible regimes. (1) + (a) rapid mass transfer, equihbrium throughout particle (1) + (b) micropore diffusion control with no significant macropore or external resistance (1) + (c) controlling resistance at the surface of the microparticles (2) + (a) macropore diffusion control with some external resistance and no resistance within the microparticle (2) + (b) all three resistances (micropore, macropore, and film) significant (2) + (c) diffusional resistance within the macroparticle and resistance at the surface of the...
Diffusion and Mass Transfer During Leaching. Rates of extraction from individual particles are difficult to assess because it is impossible to define the shapes of the pores or channels through which mass transfer (qv) has to take place. However, the nature of the diffusional process in a porous soHd could be illustrated by considering the diffusion of solute through a pore. This is described mathematically by the diffusion equation, the solutions of which indicate that the concentration in the pore would be expected to decrease according to an exponential decay function. [Pg.87]

Traditionally, production of metallic glasses requites rapid heat removal from the material (Fig. 2) which normally involves a combination of a cooling process that has a high heat-transfer coefficient at the interface of the Hquid and quenching medium, and a thin cross section in at least one-dimension. Besides rapid cooling, a variety of techniques are available to produce metallic glasses. Processes not dependent on rapid solidification include plastic deformation (38), mechanical alloying (7,8), and diffusional transformations (10). [Pg.336]

Below about 0.5 K, the interactions between He and He in the superfluid Hquid phase becomes very small, and in many ways the He component behaves as a mechanical vacuum to the diffusional motion of He atoms. If He is added to the normal phase or removed from the superfluid phase, equiHbrium is restored by the transfer of He from a concentrated phase to a dilute phase. The effective He density is thereby decreased producing a heat-absorbing expansion analogous to the evaporation of He. The He density in the superfluid phase, and hence its mass-transfer rate, is much greater than that in He vapor at these low temperatures. Thus, the pseudoevaporative cooling effect can be sustained at practical rates down to very low temperatures in heHum-dilution refrigerators (72). [Pg.9]


See other pages where Diffusionism is mentioned: [Pg.48]    [Pg.710]    [Pg.2785]    [Pg.29]    [Pg.35]    [Pg.63]    [Pg.312]    [Pg.313]    [Pg.597]    [Pg.602]    [Pg.8]    [Pg.141]    [Pg.391]    [Pg.392]    [Pg.413]    [Pg.70]    [Pg.88]    [Pg.116]    [Pg.395]    [Pg.429]    [Pg.413]    [Pg.349]    [Pg.491]    [Pg.323]    [Pg.293]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.8 , Pg.134 ]




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Activation energy diffusional effect

Aerosols diffusional deposition

Array diffusional cases

Bubble Coarsening (Diffusional Disproportionation)

Classical diffusional models

Coating Morphology, Porosity, and Diffusional Property

Controlled drug release diffusional devices

Criteria for Importance of Diffusional Limitations

Crystal growth diffusional

DIFFUSIONAL TRANSPORT - DIGITALLY

Diffusion diffusional cases

Diffusion diffusional mixing

Diffusional

Diffusional Anelasticity (Internal Friction)

Diffusional Broadening of Ion Packets and IMS Separation Power

Diffusional Creep of Two-Dimensional Polycrystals

Diffusional Deborah number

Diffusional Degradation

Diffusional Deposition of Nonvolatile Species in Gas Ducts

Diffusional Effects on Reactions

Diffusional Flux Equations

Diffusional Fluxes in Multicomponent Mixtures

Diffusional Frequency

Diffusional Length

Diffusional Path in Mucus Layers and Possible Drug Interactions

Diffusional activation

Diffusional activation energies

Diffusional activation energy, variation

Diffusional aspects

Diffusional barrier

Diffusional barrier membrane

Diffusional boundary

Diffusional boundary layer

Diffusional complex

Diffusional concentration polarization

Diffusional confinement

Diffusional constant

Diffusional constant approximation

Diffusional constant fluorescence quenching

Diffusional constant viscosity dependence

Diffusional copolymerization

Diffusional correlation time

Diffusional creep

Diffusional creep mechanism

Diffusional creep of three-dimensional polycrystals

Diffusional deposition

Diffusional devices, controlled drug

Diffusional diffusion

Diffusional dynamic

Diffusional effects

Diffusional effects, intracrystalline

Diffusional electrochemistry

Diffusional electron mediators

Diffusional encounter complex

Diffusional equilibrium

Diffusional falsification

Diffusional film resistances

Diffusional flame

Diffusional flamelets

Diffusional flow

Diffusional flow for surface area measurement

Diffusional flow technique

Diffusional flux density

Diffusional flux, oxygen

Diffusional geometry

Diffusional gradient

Diffusional gradient technique

Diffusional growth

Diffusional heat transfer

Diffusional heterogeneous catalytic processes

Diffusional impedance

Diffusional independence

Diffusional interaction methods

Diffusional jump

Diffusional jump length

Diffusional kinetics

Diffusional limitation, external

Diffusional limitation, external internal

Diffusional limitations

Diffusional mass flux

Diffusional mediators

Diffusional mixing

Diffusional models

Diffusional modes

Diffusional molar flux

Diffusional monitoring

Diffusional offset length

Diffusional particle transport

Diffusional path

Diffusional pathlength

Diffusional permeability

Diffusional permeability coefficients

Diffusional phase transformations

Diffusional plasticity

Diffusional problems

Diffusional process

Diffusional rate

Diffusional rate processes

Diffusional regime

Diffusional regime effectiveness factor

Diffusional relaxation

Diffusional relaxation time

Diffusional resistances, addition

Diffusional restrictions

Diffusional rotation

Diffusional separation processes

Diffusional size

Diffusional stability

Diffusional steady-state

Diffusional steady-state approach

Diffusional surface-bulk exchange

Diffusional theory

Diffusional time constant

Diffusional time constant determination

Diffusional transport fraction

Diffusional-influenced reaction rates

Dissolved Enzymes Activated by Diffusional Mediators

Distillation diffusional

Electric diffusional

Electro-diffusional

Epoxidation diffusional constraints

External diffusional restrictions

Flame diffusional flamelets

Flux, diffusional

Force diffusional

Free diffusional motion

Frictional coefficient, diffusional

Impregnation diffusional

Interface controlled diffusional creep

Internal diffusional effect

Internal diffusional restrictions

Ion exchange kinetics diffusional processes

Kinetic Rate Law and Diffusional Flux

Mass diffusional

Mass transfer diffusional

Mass transfer diffusional resistance

Mass transport, diffusional

Maxwell-Stefan diffusional equations

Measurement of Diffusional Time Constants

Metric diffusional

Models accounting for diffusional mass transfer

Morphological Evolution Diffusional Creep, and Sintering

Motion, diffusional

Non-steady state diffusional flow

Other Cases of Diffusional Mass Transport

Particle size diffusional limitations

Particles diffusionally controlled

Phenomenological treatment of non-steady state diffusional processes in binary systems

Phenomenological treatment of steady state diffusional processes

Porous pore diffusional limitations

Product, diffusional resistance

Quenching diffusional

Release Fickian diffusional

Resistance diffusional

Selectivity, diffusional effects

Sorption diffusional resistance

Steady state diffusional flow

Translational diffusional motions

Transport diffusional

Turbulent diffusional flux

Water diffusional dynamics

With diffusional resistance

Zeolite diffusional limitations

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