Diffusion image from

Part of the diffuse radiation from 2 is specularly reflected in 3 and strikes 1. This specularly reflected radiation acts like diffuse energy coming from the image surface 2(3). Thus we may write... 

It is difficult to make an exhaustive list of the applications of quantitative imaging, because a large number of parameters are quantifiable proton density, relaxation time T, T2, T2 or T 2, T p), data qualifying interaction of pools by magnetization transfer, apparent diffusion coefficients, indices characterizing diffusion phenomena from tensor estimation or a (/-space approach, temperature difference, static magnetic field, B1 field amplitude, current density or values related to dynamic MRI contrast agent uptake. 

Two types of T4 lysozyme bindings to cell walls are possible (1) nonspecific attachment and (2) chemical binding associated with the hydrolysis reaction. Events indicated by the fluorescence intensity dropping to background level are associated with T4 lysozyme diffusing away from the cell wall. When the T4 lysozyme attached to the cell wall, many enzymatic reaction turnovers likely occurred in experiments, we have observed that the cell wall typically shrinks and eventually disappears from the imaging field of view [12]. 

Zawodzinski et al. [64] have reported self-diffusion coefficients of water in Nafion 117 (EW 1100), Membrane C (EW 900), and Dow membranes (EW 800) equilibrated with water vapor at 303 K, and obtained results summarized in Fig. 36. The self-diffusion coefficients were deterinined by pulsed field gradient NMR methods. These studies probe water motion over a distance scale on the order of microns. The general conclusion was the PFSA membranes with similar water contents. A, had similar water self-diffusion coefficients. The measured self-diffusion coefficients in Nafion 117 equilibrated with water vapor decreased by more than an order of magnitude, from roughly 8 x 10 cm /s down to 5 x 10 cm /s as water content in the membrane decreased from A = 14 to A = 2. For a Nafion membrane equilibrated with water vapor at unit activity, the water self-diffusion coefficient drops to a level roughly four times lower than that in bulk liquid water whereas a difference of only a factor of two in local mobility is deduced from NMR relaxation measurements. This is reasonably ascribed to the additional effect of tortuosity of the diffusion path on the value of the macrodiffusion coefficient. For immersed Nafion membranes, NMR diffusion imaging studies showed that water diffusion coefficients similar to those measured in liquid water (2.2 x 10 cm /s) could be attained in a highly hydrated membrane (1.7 x 10 cm /s) [69]. 

The Shroud is a piece of fine linen, approximately 1.1 m wide and 4.3 m long, bearing the faint, diffused image of a crucified male (Figure 1). The linen is in a remarkable state of preservation considering its age (it dates at least from a.d. 1357, when it was first displayed publicly, and possibly dates to the first centrury a.d.) and its function (used to cover a dead body—most shrouds are rather badly decomposed). Its true age may be determined by carbon-14 dating, but this critically important experiment has not yet been performed. 

Figure 32 STM topographs of 5-ML Pt deposited on a (a) clean and (b) oxygen precovered Pt(l 11) surface at 400 K. The imaged area is (220 x 220 nm ) for both images. The percentage of completion of the deposited layers versus the layer number n is plotted as histograms below each topograph. For the oxygen precovered surface, a completion of layers is favored before new layers nucleate, indicating a reduced interlayer diffusion barrier. (From Ref. 67.)...

All such models present a dilemma. X-ray diffraction patterns are analysed most easily in terms of two components (sharp diffraction images from the crystalline regions and diffuse scattering from non-crystalline regions), even though there... 

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