Extraction differential

FSL sdutions, which can be used for differential leaching, can be obtained from analogous heat transfer solutions, which are used to predict solid temperatures in nonadiabatic immersion calorimeters. These solutions ate sinular in form to Eqs. (10.7-3) and (10.13-1), but the dimensionless concentrafion involved is (A - F a)/(MX, - F n) and the q/ and C, depend on both a and an additional dimensionless parameter, 7 where E is the volume flow rate into and out of the extractor, in which the extract volume 

E remains constant. The q, and Q for various solid shapes ate defined in Table 10. lS-1. 

Type Features Applications Apparatus suitable for conditions given Number Flow Density of stages rate, difference, m /hr g/cm  

Spray columns Low capital and operating cost handles corrosive material Petrochemical, chemical 1 100 3=0.05 

Packed columns Less capacity but more mass transfer than spray columns restricted by flooding Petrochemical, pharmaceutical 10 50 3=0.05 

Centrifugal extractors High capital cost short contact times Pharmaceutical, nuclear 5 10 3=0.01 

Mixer-settlers High capacity and flexibility handles high viscosity Petrochemical, metallurgical Any value 250 3=0.10 

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AXDISP - Differential Extraction Column with Axial Dispersion... 

In Sec. 4.4.3 the modelling of differential extraction columns with axial dispersion is discussed. The extractor is considered to be approximated by eight finite-difference elements as shown below. 

PHASE DIFFERENTIAL EXTRACTION COLUMN WITH AXIAL DISPERSION... 

While percolators were long used and the most common method of coffee preparation up to 1975 (51%), automatic drip machines have steadily increased to be the method used for nearly half of all coffee prepared in 1981,41 as compared to only 7% automatic drip in 1975. This trend does impact caffeine exposure, as the different preparation methods have differential extraction of caffeine from the coffee that is used. 

A refined method involving extraction of two aliquots of biological material, buffered at two different pH s, by toluene, and re-extraction into aqueous solution allowed the simultaneous determination of nalidixic and hydroxynalidixic acid(24)(26) by their differential extractabilities and fluorescent intensities. This method was extended to the differential determination of the conjugated forms of nalidixic and hydroxynalidixic acid. 

If the x-data of an object are time-series or digitized data from a continuous spectrum (infrared, IR near infrared, NIR) then smoothing and/or transformation to first or second derivative may be appropriate preprocessing techniques. Smoothing tries to reduce random noise and thus removes narrow spikes in a spectrum. Differentiation extracts relevant information (but increases noise). In the first derivative an additive baseline is removed and therefore spectra that are shifted in parallel to other... 

Melan, M. A. and Slnder, G. (1992) Redistribution and differential extraction of solnble proteins in permeabilized cnltnred cells implications for immunofluorescence microscopy. J. Cell Sci. 101, 731-743. 

Porphyrins are extracted and separated from heme by differential extraction and their concentration is determined fluorimetrically. 

Various processing techniques, other than fermentation, can be utilized to remove phytic acid and other dietary fiber materials that reduce mineral absorption (109). Processes would include differential extraction and filtration techniques such as ultrafiltration (125, 126, 127). 

DISCUSSION. Caution should be exercised when interpreting chromatograms from a complex mixture of aromatic compounds in urine. This is especially true when excretion of the catechols is very high. When the derivatives of the compound extracted from urine of patients with phenylketonuria are prepared decomposition products of the large amounts of phenylpyruvic acid present give rise to peaks which interfere with and resemble HVA. When difficulties of this type are suspected, differential extraction of the urine can be performed. When alkaptonuria urine is extracted with dichloromethane, homovanillic acid is extracted preferentially, leaving the spurious compounds behind. 

Two cell-wall fractions were obtained from mycelia of Neurospora crassa by differential extraction with alkali (soluble in 4%, and insoluble in 24%) on incubation with endo-(l - 3)-/3-D-glucanase, both gave473 D-glucose, laminara-biose and -triose, and 62-/3-D-glucosyllaminarabiose (118). exo-(1 - 3)-/3-D-Glucanase released D-glucose and gentiobiose. Structures were proposed for both fractions when this evidence and the results of methylation analysis were considered. 

Figure 1. Elution profiles of cellulase activity from Sephadex G-100 gel chromatographs of crude extracts of auxin-treated pea apices. BS cellulose activity has an elution volume corresponding to a molecular weight of 20,000. BI cellulase activity dissolves in 1M NaCl and elutes with a molecular weight of 70,000. These values correspond to those observed for purified cellulases (3), indicating that the enzymes were not altered in molecular weight during purification, and could be effectively separated by differential extraction.

Braschi, S., Curwen, R.S., Ashton, P.D., Verjouski-Almeida, S. and Wilson, R.A. (2005) The tegument surface membranes of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni a proteomic analysis after differential extraction. Proteomics (in press). 

Hannah, M. J., Weiss, U., and Huttner, W. B. 1998. Differential extraction of proteins from paraformaldehyde-fixed cells Lessons from synaptophysin and other membrane proteins. Methods Enzymol. 26 170-181. 

Skibbens, J.E., Roth, M.G. and Matlin, K.S. (1989) Differential extractability of influenza vims hemagglutinin during intracellular transport in polarized epithelial cells and nonpolar fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 108, 821-832. 

The fixation conditions used to prepare cells for antibody application are assumed to preserve the distributions of the protein(s) being examined (2). Soluble proteins can be redistributed into inappropriate locations and can be differentially extracted from native locations during the permeabilization and fixation of the cells before antibody application (3,4)- Further, no cell aggregation or alteration of the intracellular antigenicity should occur in the permeabilization/fixation treatment. The fixation/stain methodology, with and without permeabilization, can be accomplished in various ways depending on the exact site of the organelle or cell constituent to be stained. 

M9. Matioli, G., Brody, S., and Thorell, B., Microspectrophotometric determination of differentially extracted haemoglobin in single erythrocytes. Acta Hematol. 28, 73-85 (1962). 

All methods for the fractionation of porphyrins are based on the different solubilities of individual porphyrins caused by their different P-substituents and to a lesser extent on the substituent order around the macrocycle. Thus methods include differential extraction with solvents, paper and thin layer chromatography, and Solvent extraction... 

Y-chromosome polymorphic loci can be used as identifying loci found only in males. In this way, the male-speci c DNA obtained from a vaginal swab can be typed without the usual differential extraction in which the DNA from... 

In the differential extraction mode, the concentration profile changes continuously as the two phases have no exact stepwise phase separation and a continuous movement towards each other is present. Here, an ideal contacting pattern for the two phases corresponds to a perfect countercurrent plug flow (e.g. extraction towers, Podbiehiiak... 

We believe the endogenous form of iron in wheat bran is monoferric phytate. The differential extractability from bran of monoferric phytate versus the bulk of the phytate and the comparable MOssbauer parameters of the iron in synthetic mono-... 

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