1.3- Dichloro isopropanol

Szathmary and Luhmann [50] described a sensitive and automated gas chromatographic method for the determination of miconazole in plasma samples. Plasma was mixed with internal standard l-[2,4-dichloro-2-(2,3,4-trichlorobenzyloxy) phenethyl]imidazole and 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and extracted with heptane-isoamyl alcohol (197 3) and the drug was back-extracted with 0.05 M sulfuric acid. The aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 10 and extracted with an identical organic phase, which was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in isopropanol and subjected to gas chromatography on a column (12 m x 0.2 mm) of OV-1 (0.1 pm) at 265 °C, with nitrogen phosphorous detection. Recovery of miconazole was 85% and the calibration graph was rectilinear for 0.25 250 ng/mL. 

Other solvents that have been used are isopropanol [21], dichloro-methane/methanol [22], methanol/diethyl ether (10 1) with hydrochloric acid [23] for alkylphenols, dichloromethane [24-26], and hexane [27] for alkylphenols and short-chain NPEO, and hexane/ isopropyl alcohol for NP and NPEOi 9 [5]. 

One of the early syntheses of meperidine (75) starts with the double alkylation of phenylacetonitrile with the bischloro-ethyl amine, 72. The highly lachrimatory nature of this material led to the development of an alternate synthesis for the intermediate piperidine (73). Alkylation of phenylacetonitrile with two moles of 2-chloroethylvinyl ether leads to the intermediate (69). This is then hydrolyzed without prior isolation to the diol, 70. Treatment with thionyl chloride affords the corresponding dichloro compound (71). This last is then used to effect a bis alkylation on methylamine, in effect forming the piperidine (73) by cyclization at the opposite end from the original scheme. Saponification to the acid (74) followed by esterification with ethanol affords the widely used analgesic meperidine (75) substitution of isopropanol for ethanol in the esterification affords properidine (76). ... 

Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction The aforementioned SDME method, although it significantly reduces solvent consumption, is not free from drawbacks such as low extraction efficiency and slowly reached equilibrium. In many cases, the extraction efficiency can be increased by using dispersive systems such as the emulsion of organic solvent in an aqueous sample. In dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), a mixture of two solvents (extraction solvent and disperser) is injected by syringe into an aqueous sample. The extraction solvent is a water-insoluble and nonpolar liquid such as toluene, chloroform, dichloro-methane, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide. A water-miscible, polar solvent, typically acetonitrile, acetone, isopropanol, or methanol, is used as disperser. The typical concentration of extractant in such a mixture is in the range 1-3 %. 

Organic solvents Acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, dichloro-me thane Normal phase toluene, hexane, benzene, cyclohexane carbon tetrachloride THF... 

The parent compound is so reactive towards thiols that up to four sulfur groups can be introduced. In isopropanol at — 10°C, however, the monosuhstituted compounds (109) (Nu = PhS) can be made in reasonable yield. Further nucleophilic substitution of 5-nitro and 5-phenylsulfonyl derivatives occurs at the 4- and 6-positions the 1,3-dihydro products are isolated <92JCS(PI)685>. Conditions have been devised for substitution of one or two chlorines in 5,6-dichloro-2Ff-benzimidazoles using amines, thiolate, or oxyanionic nucleophiles in ethanol <88S87i>. Indeed nucleophilic displacements of hydrogen are not uncommon (Scheme 57) <90HCA902>. 

HEE-72DA/ 3MCo. HFE-7100, HFE-7200, with trans 1,2- dichloro ethylene and isopropanol Medium to heavy-duty immersion and vapor-degreasing, flux removal 58 44 18 59.8 None N/A... 

Sample preparation Condition a Sep-Pak C18 SPE cartridge with 5 mL dichloromethane and 10 mL MeOH. Mix 2 g cut up tissue with dichloro-methane dioxane isopropanol 75 16 9 (Caution Dioxane is a carcinogen ), sonicate, shake, try to divide sohd into smaller pieces with a glass rod, sonicate for 15 min, centrifuge at 5000 rpm for 10 min, filter. Evaporate the filtrate to 0.1-0.2 mL under a stream of nitrogen at 55°, make up to 2 mL with mobile phase, add to the SPE cartridge, discard the first 0.5 mL ( ), collect the second 0.5 mL, inject a 100 (aL ahquot. 

Residual stresses in PMMA parts can lead to crack formation caused by the influence of solvents and swelling agents. Here, polar solvents in particular act as crack-initiating chemicals. The time until first of cracks under a given load or deformation increases in the following order according of media [86] dichloro-ethane < chloroform < acetone < ethyl acetate < methyl methacrylate < benzyl alcohol < methanol < ethanol < n-propanol < isopropanol < isobutanol < carbon tetrachloride < cyclohexanone < 85% formic acid < 20% hydrochloric acid < water < glycerine < paraffin oil < sodium hydroxide solution. 

High conversions of cyclopentene were obtained by Nuetzel et al. [59] with hydroperoxides, inorganic peroxides, or aromatic nitroderivatives. To increase the stability of some tungsten-based catalytic systems, Witte et al. [63] employed a-halogenated alcohols such as chloroethanol, 2-chlorocyclohexanol, bro-moethanol, l,3-dichloro-2-isopropanol, o-chlorophe-nol, and 2-iodocyclohexanol. It was observed that methyl and ethyl acetals of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, chloroform, and benzaldehyde impart good staiblity to the binary systems of tungsten, whereas epoxides such as ethylene oxide and butylene oxide lead at the same time to an increase in activity and stability. 

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