Soman diazepam

Drug solutions and implantation of osmotic mini-pumps Physostigmine hemisulphate and procyclidine hydrochlorid were obtained from Sigma (St.Louis, U.S.A.), scopolamine hydrobromid from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), atropine sulphate was obtained from ACF (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), and diazepam from Roche (The Netherlands). HI-6 was made available by the Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, Canada. Soman (O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) was synthesised at TNO. Alzet Osmotic Mini-pumps with a constant delivery rate of 0.55 pl/hr (Model 2002, Alza Corp., Palo Alto, USA) were used to deliver PYR, PHY and SCO. The vehicle consisted of 20% propylene glycol, 10% ethanol and 70% water. The pumps were implanted subcutaneously under isoflurane/02 inhalation anesthesia. 

Lipp, J.A. 1972. Effect of diazepam upon soman-induced seizure activities and convulsions. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 32 557-560. 

Lallement, G., Reanault, F., Bauhichon, D. et al. (2000). Compared efficacy of diazepam or avizafone to prevent soman-induced electroencephalographic disturbances and... 

Lallement, G., Masqueliez, C., Baubichon, D. et al. (2004). Protection against soman-induced lethality of the antidote combination atropine-pralidoxime pro-diazepam packed as freeze-dried form. J. Med. Chem. 2 1-11. 

Martin, L.J., Doebler, J.A., Shih, T-M. et al. (1985). Protective effect of diazepam pretreatment on soman-induced brain lesion formation. Brain Res. 325 287-9. 

Sket, D., Brzin, M., Vreca, I. (1989). Effect of HI-6 and diazepam on the increase of creatine kinase isoenzymes activity in plasma of atropinized, soman-poisoned rats. Acta Pharm, Jugoslav. 39 151-9. 

Clement, J.G., Broxup, B. (1993). Efficacy of diazepam and avi-zafone against soman-induced neuropathology in brain of rats. Neurotoxicology 14 485-504. 

McDonough, J.H., Jaax, N.K., Crowley, R.A., Mays, M.Z., Modrow, H.E. (1989). Atropine and/or diazepam therapy protects against soman-induced neural and cardiac pathology. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13 256-76. 

Philippens, I.H.C.H.M., Melchers, B.P.C., DeGroot, D.M.G., Wolthius, O.L. (1992). Behavioral performance, brain histology, and EEG sequela after immediate combined atro-pine/diazepam treatment of soman-intoxicated rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 42 711-19. 

Clinical experience with the use of PAM-2 iodide, given with atropine and diazepam, in the treatment of the victims of the Tokyo sarin attack in 1995 was extremely favourable (Stojdjkovic and Jokanovic, 2005). Still, 2-PAM should not be recommended as the drug of choice due to its lack of efficacy against tabun and soman (Kassa, 2005). 

Ames, R., Steenland, K., Jenkins, B., Chrislop, D. and Russo, J. 1995. Chronic neurologic sequelae to cholinesterase inhibition among agriculture pesticide applicators. Arch. Environ. Health, 50 440-444. Anderson, D.R., Harris, L.W., Chang, F.-C.T., Baze, W.B., Capacio, B.R., Byers, S.L. and Lennox, W.J. 1997. Antagonism of soman-induced convulsion by midazolam, diazepam and scopolamine. Drug Chem. Toxicol, 20 115-131. 

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