Diazepam indications

There is some evidence that higher than usual doses of lower potency BZDs may also be effective in treating PD ( 17, 25, 43, 81, 82, 83 and 84). For example, studies comparing alprazolam with lorazepam or diazepam indicate approximately equal efficacy ( 25, 43, 84, 85). In addition, there is evidence that higher than usual doses of diazepam, lorazepam, bromazepam, or clobazam may also block panic attacks. 

Of 149 patients, 10 received an overdose of rectal diazepam indicated for acute repetitive seizures (51 overdoses in total) (33). There were no untoward events in 40... 

Published NMR spectra of diazepam indicate a high mobility of the drug, which indicates a localization of the drug in other colloidal species of high mobility [74] (an association with the solid lipid would cause extensive line broadening [69]). 

Benzodiazepines. Figure 3 Dissection of benzodiazepine pharmacology. The functional roles of GABAa receptor subtypes, mediating particular actions of diazepam, are indicated. A sign indicates that the respective response is mediated by the respective receptor subtype, a sign indicates that the respective response is apparently not mediated by the respective receptor subtype. ND = not determined. 

As Shown in table 2, a comparative dose of 10 n units of PCP-like activity inhibited 3H-PCP binding in rat brain membranes, but did not inhibit binding of 3 H - d i hydromorphi ne, 3H - D - a 1 a2 - D -1 eu5-enkephalin, 3H-ethylketocyclazocine, 3H-diazepam, or -neurotensin. These results indicate that the active material is specific and selective from PCP receptors, as binding to the mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors was unaffected, as was binding to benzodiazepine and neurotensin receptors. 

Stuer et al. [46] evaluated the presence of the 25 most used pharmaceuticals in the primary health sector in Denmark (e.g., paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, diazepam, and ibuprofen). They compared PECs with experimental determinations and they conclude that measured concentrations were in general within a factor of 2-5 of PECs. Carballa et al. [45] also determined PECs for pharmaceuticals (17), musk fragrances (2) and hormones (2) in sewage sludge matrix. For that purpose they used three different approaches (1) extrapolation of the per capita use in Europe to the number of Spanish inhabitants for musk fragrances (2) annual prescription items multiplied by the average daily dose for pharmaceuticals and (3) excretion rates of different groups of population for hormones. They indicated that these PECs fitted with the measured values for half of them (carbamazepine, diazepam, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and 17a-ethiny I e strad iol). 

Diazepam and its nordiazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam metabolites are well retained by the MIP, while they are much less retained on NIP, also exhibiting large RSD. Other benzodiazepines of similar structures (Figure 1.50) were well retained on the MIP, showing that this template can be used for the general class of benzodiazepines. Two benzodiazepines studied, chlordiazepoxide and flunitrazepam, were poorly retained, indicating poor fit of these structures into the templated MIP. 

Buspar containing buspirone is indicated in short-term anxiety. Diazepam, Stilnoct containing zolpidem, Heminevrin containing clomethiazole, and Phenergan containing promethazine are all indicated in insomnia. 

The normal body temperature is 36.8°C. Babies under 6 months of age who have a higher temperature than 37.7°C should be referred on the same day. Babies over 6 months should be referred if their temperature is above 38.2°C. Babies who have had a temperature-related convulsion lasting 15 minutes or longer should receive pharmacotherapy in the form of either lorazepam, diazepam or clonazepam. Febrile convulsions in children usually cease spontaneously within 5-10 minutes and are rarely associated with significant sequelae and therefore long-term anticonvulsant prophylaxis is rarely indicated. Parents should be advised to seek professional advice when the child develops fever so as to prevent the occurrence of high body temperatures. 

Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine that is often used in preference to diazepam, since recovery is faster than with diazepam. It is indicated for... 

All benzodiazepines are indicated in obsessive compulsive disorders. Diazepam and lorazepam are effective in status epilepticus, whereas chlordiazepoxide is indicated in alcohol withdrawal. 

Lorazepam is a short-acting benzodiazepine. Both short-acting and long-acting benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, may be indicated for short-term relief of severe anxiety. 

The pharmacological properties of this drug are basically the same as those of diazepam, the only difference being that it has longer-lasting action. It is used for the same indications as diazepam. The most common synonym for prazepam is centrax. 

Fig. 3 Behavior of high (HAB) andlow(LAB) anxiety rats (see Sect. 2.1.2) after treatment with either vehicle or diazepam (1 mg/kg). While avoidance behavior towards an unprotected area remains unaffected, the number of stretched-attend postures is significantly reduced, indicating a high sensitivity of risk assessmentbehavior for anxiety-modulating drug effects. The lack of effects on locomotor activity shows that treatment with this relatively low dose of diazepam was not sedative...

Fig. 3 GABAa receptor subtypes and the regulation of behaviour. The four classes of diazepam-sensitive GABAa receptors, visualized immunohistochemically, show distinct expression patterns. Distinct pharmacological functions (ai, a2, 3 receptor subtypes) and physiological functions (as receptor subtype) are indicated...

Several studies [cited in N. Sussman 1994) suggest a preferential effect of buspirone on psychological symptoms of anxiety. Buspirone promotes a greater decrease in symptoms [e.g., anger, hostility, worry, difficulty in concentration) indicative of cognitive and interpersonal problems, whereas diazepam and clorazepate favor somatic symptoms of anxiety [e.g., muscle tension, insomnia). 

BZDs may exacerbate depression and possibly increase suicide risk. Case reports and clinical trials also indicate that BZD treatment of generalized anxiety and panic may result in emergence of depression (215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 and 226). In some of these reports, depression is ill-defined, but in others, it met DSM-III criteria for a major depressive disorder, requiring treatment with an antidepressant ( 225, 226). Depression has been reported with a variety of BZDs (alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam), but there is no evidence that one is more likely than another to cause or aggravate depressive illness. 

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