Diamond-like carbon , implantable

Diamond-like carbon can be alloyed with toxic materials. This is necessary when no cell adhesion should be allowed specifically when equipments or implants are of temporary use. When this alloy makes contact with the biological environment, the cytotoxic materials, like copper, vanadium, and silver, inhibit cell growth on the material surface because of the toxic action of the alloy. Changing alloy components can control the bioreactions. When DLC is mixed with silicon oxide a reduction of the inflammatory reactions is observed. 

Therin, M., and Weill, N. (1997) Evaluation of diamond-like carbon-coated orthopaedic implants. Diamond Pel. 

Meirles, G.C.X., de Abreu, L.M., da Cruz Forte, A.A., Sumita, M.K., Sumita, J.H., Aliaga, J. Randomized comparative study of diamond-like carbon coated stainless steel stent versus uncoated stent implantation in patients with coronary artery disease. Arc. Bras. Cardiol. 88(4), 343-347 (2007)... 

PEEK can be coated with diamond-like carbon by plasma inunersion ion implantation and deposition to enhance its surface properties [89]. The elastic modulus of diamond-like carbon is closer to that of cortical bone than PEEK. Therefore, the combination of PEEK and diamond-like carbon has been proposed to enhance the stability and surface properties of PEEK in bone replacements. 

Over the years, the use of coatings such as HAp for implants and prostheses has gone from being a rarity to being an absolute necessity. A number of excellent studies on adhesion and mechanical properties have been carried out on a range of coatings major ones include HAp, diamond-like carbon (DLC), titanium nitride, titanium oxide, and nickel-titanium (Ben-Nissan et al., 2013). Listed below are some studies carried out on pure HAp and DLC thin films. 

Medical implant and biomedical applications of diamond-like carbon... 

Amorphous carbon is a novel material with which to study defects and to understand the physics of disorder, which can be enhanced by ion irradiation [163], Ion implantation studies of different types of carbon at low energies (100 keV to 1 MeV) and high dosages (10 ions/cm ) attracted the attention of many scientists [164]. The role of the ion beam in low-energy ion implantation is to displace the carbon atoms and introduce disorder in the material. In diamond-like carbon films... 

De Maeztu MA, Braceras I, Alava JI, Sanchez-Garce, MA, Gay-Escoda C. (2007) Histomorphometric study of ion implantation and diamond-like carbon as dental implant surface treatments in beagle dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 22 273-279. 

The first work that utilized a bipolar transistor was that of Prins (52). Using a natural p-type diamond bulk crystal as a substrate, carbon ions are ion implanted to form n-type-like regions with 3.2-pm-diameter wire as a implant mask. The energy level and mechanism of the carbon implantation cannot be estimated however, bipolar transistor behavior was achieved. The I-V characteristics are shown in Fig. 9. Although the current gain of ftp = Ic/h is only 0.11, the impact on researchers in this field was not insignificant. This was followed by several research activities, such as work on npn bipolar transistors with As implanted n-type-like regions and a point contact bipolar-like transistor (53). 

Collectively, the researchers call this diamond-like material n-diamond (or y-carbon) after the resemblance of its diffraction signature to ordinary carbon diamond. Like the other studies on n-diamond, the woik of Hirai et al. demonstrated the metallic nature of the carbon materials they produced. Their report will be used as the basis for a comparison of the calculated diffraction pattern of a novel, h q)othetical tetragonal allotrope of carbon called glitter, that has been theoretically characterized by Bucknum et al. previously [5-7], to that of their n-diamond samples. Finally, Bursill et al., have recorded similar diffraction observations for carbon ion-implanted carbon samples crystallized in a quartz matrix [8],... 

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