Carbon ion implantation

Carbon ion implantation on a single crystal copper surface at a temperature of 820°C, an ion dose of 10 ions cm and a beam energy of 65 to 120 keV was found to result in an enhancement of diamond nucleation. The nucleation enhancement was postulated to be due to the formation of a graphite film on the copper sur ce, with subsequent diamond nucleation occurring preferentially on the edges of the graphite lattice. 

Carbon ion implantation has been used as a pretreatment process to control die nucleation of diamond particles on surgical alloy T1-6A1-4V substrates.l Carbon ions at 30 keV were implanted at room temperature into masked r ons on the substrates, up to doses of 10 -7 x 10 ions cm . The SEM, microfocus Raman scattering and RBS analyses of diamond nucleation in MW PACVD indicated that the carbon ion implantation was very effective in controlling diamond nucleation on Ti-6A1-4V, and diamond nucleation density depended on ion dose. The carbon ion implantation gave rise to (a) a decrease in diamond nucleation density, up to 8 times smaller than that on the substrate polished with 0.25 pm diamond paste (2-5 x 10 17C 7 7 X 106 o.m-21- rh)... 

Dong NN, Benayas A, Jaque D, Tan Y, Chen F (2011) Eluorescence-quenching free channel waveguides in Yb YAG ceramics by carbon ion implantation. J Lightwave Technol 29 1460-1464... 

Tan Y, Zhang C, Chen F, liu FQ, Jaque D, Lu QM (2011) Room-temptsature continuous wave laser oscillations in Nd YAG ctsamic waveguides produced by carbon ion implantation. Appl Phys B LasCTs Opt 103 837-840... 

Kim, Y.H., Lee, C.W., Hong, M.K., Park, S.W., Tahk, S.J., Yang, J.Y., et al. Randomized comparison of carbon ion-implanted stent versns bare metal stent in coronary artery disease the asian pacific multicancer arthos stent study (PASS) trial. Am. Heart J. 149,336-341 (2005)... 

Cabioc h et al. developed a method based on carbon ion implantation into a metal matrix (Ag, Cu), resulting in onions with typical diameters in the 3-15 nm range. Snfficient quantities could be produced for investigation of their optical, electronic, and tribological properties. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements on these carbon onions demonstrated that the most stable state for the onions consists of concentric spheres of fnllerenes. The electronic properties of the onions were characterized by spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in transmission, and reflection mode. ... 

Cabioc h, T., Jaoum, M., Riviere, J. P., Delafond, J. and Hug, G., Characterization and growth of carbon phases synthesized by high temperature carbon ion implantation into copper. Diamond and Related Materials, 6,1997, 261-265. 

Cabioc h, T., Jaouen, M., Denanot, M. F. and Bechet, P., Influence of the implantation parameters on the microstructure of carbon onions produced by carbon ion implantation. Applied Physics Letters, Ti (21), 1998, 3096-3098. 

There have been numerous IR, Raman and resonance Raman studies on single-walled carbon nanotubes. " IR and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterise multilayer carbon nanotubes at different stages of their purification. The radial vibrational mode of the nanotube walls was found at 120 cm". The Raman spectra of carbon spherical shells, onions , contained a band at 1572 cm" - the shift of 10 cm" to lower wavenumber compared to graphite was ascribed to the effects of shell curvature. FUR spectra were reported for carbon onions produced by carbon-ion implantation at 500 °C. Two families of bands were identified one due to Ceo and one to C240 species. Therefore these onions comprise concentric spheres of Ceo and C240 fullerenes. Other vibrational studies on carbon nanosystems have also been reported. " ... 

Collectively, the researchers call this diamond-like material n-diamond (or y-carbon) after the resemblance of its diffraction signature to ordinary carbon diamond. Like the other studies on n-diamond, the woik of Hirai et al. demonstrated the metallic nature of the carbon materials they produced. Their report will be used as the basis for a comparison of the calculated diffraction pattern of a novel, h q)othetical tetragonal allotrope of carbon called glitter, that has been theoretically characterized by Bucknum et al. previously [5-7], to that of their n-diamond samples. Finally, Bursill et al., have recorded similar diffraction observations for carbon ion-implanted carbon samples crystallized in a quartz matrix [8],... 

Susceptibility to radiation damage must be considered seriously if reference samples are to be calibrated for use in place of absolute systems. For the measurement of absolute C He, H) cross sections, films of polystyrene (CH) (which is relatively radiation hard) have been used successfiiUy, the RBS determination of carbon providing implied quantitation for the hydrogen present in the film. For a durable laboratory reference sample, however, there is much to recommend a known ion-implanted dose of H deep within Si or SiC, where the loss of hydrogen under room temperature irradiation will be neghgible. 

H. Abe, Nucleation of carbon onions and nanocapsules under ion implantation at high temperature. DiamondRelat. Mater, 10 (2001) 1201. 

Polymer films change their properties during ion implantation [25-29]. Carbonization mentioned above is one of the ion beam induced modification techniques for polymer surfaces. 

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