Dialysis residue

Of the 39% who survived ARF, 41% had residual renal insufficiency and 10% required chronic dialysis. Residual renal impairment was more frequent in older and oliguric patients, in those with previous chronic renal insufficiency, those who received antibiotics, and those whose ARF period was prolonged. The percentage of residual renal impairment is higher than that reported in the series of Davidman et al. [14] or Pru et al. [15], but is in accordance with that found 5 years later in the same country [16] and is supported by an earlier report from the European Dialysis and Transplant Association [17]. 

Dialysis A separation process in which a colloidal dispersion is separated from a noncolloidal solution by a semipermeable membrane, that is, a membrane that is permeable to all species except the colloidalsized ones. Osmotic pressure difference across the membrane drives the separation. The solution containing the colloidal species is referred to as the retentate or dialysis residue. The solution that is free of colloidal species is referred to as the dialysate or permeate at equilibrium (no osmotic pressure difference), this solution is referred to as the equilibrium dialysate. See also Ultrafiltration. 

Molecular Weight. Measurement of intrinsic viscosity in water is the most commonly used method to determine the molecular weight of poly(ethylene oxide) resins. However, there are several problems associated with these measurements (86,87). The dissolved polymer is susceptible to oxidative and shear degradation, which is accelerated by filtration or dialysis. If the solution is purified by centrifiigation, precipitation of the highest molecular weight polymers can occur and the presence of residual catalyst by-products, which remain as dispersed, insoluble soHds, further compHcates purification. 

An easy, rapid and environmentally friendly methodology was developed for the extraetion of pyrethroid inseetieide residues from semi permeable membrane deviees (SPMD), based in a mierowave-assisted extraetion, in front of a dialysis method nowadays widely employed. Several solvent sueh as hexane, toluene, aeetonitrile, eyelohexane and ethyl aeetate were tested as mierowave-assisted extraetion solvent. Mixtures of hexane and toluene with aeetone were also assayed and provide better results than single solvents. 

Ribosomal protein L12 was oxidized with 0.3 M H202 at 30°C for 1 h. After dialysis, the protein was incubated in the presence of 0.8 M 2-mercaptoethanol for 48 min at 37 °C and dialyzed. The amount of methionine residues was quantitated by exhaustive alkylation of the protein with [14C]iodoacetic acid. 

Water soluble protein with a relative molecular mass of ca. 32600, which particularly contains copper and zinc bound like chelate (ca. 4 gram atoms) and has superoxide-dismutase-activity. It is isolated from bovine liver or from hemolyzed, plasma free erythrocytes obtained from bovine blood. Purification by manyfold fractionated precipitation and solvolyse methods and definitive separation of the residual foreign proteins by denaturizing heating of the orgotein concentrate in buffer solution to ca. 65-70 C and gel filtration and/or dialysis. 

Decline of residual renal function is more rapid compared to peritoneal dialysis. 

Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of antibiotics is preferred over IV therapy in the treatment of peritonitis that occurs in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) recently revised its guidelines for the diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated infections.24 The guidelines provide dosing recommendations for intermittent and continuous therapy based on the modality of dialysis [CAPD or automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)] and the extent of the patient s residual renal function. 

Dissolve the bait protein to be modified with the FeBABE reagent in 50 mM MOPS, 100 mM NaCl, ImM EDTA, 5 percent glycerol, pH 8.2 (coupling buffer). The protein first may be treated by dialysis with EDTA to remove residual metals (30mM MOPS, 4mM EDTA, pH 8.2), and then dialyzed into the final coupling buffer for the reaction with FeBABE. 

Total clearance during dialysis can be calculated as the sum of the patient s residual clearance during the interdialytic period (CLRES) and dialyzer clearance (CLD) ... 

Using PCB levels in five species of freshwater finfish, collected over a course of 20 years. Stow (1995) failed to find a significant relationship between residue concentrations and percent lipid. The finding of Randall et al. (1991) may explain part of the problem. They found that using different extraction solvents for tissues, lipid concentrations can vary by 3.5 fold and that laboratories vary widely in the type of solvents used for the extraction of HOC residues in tissues. Whole body lipid levels across BMO species typically vary from about 1 to 15% (based on wet tissue weights). Thus, the lipid mediated differences in BMO tissue concentrations may be as high as 15 fold. Unlike BMOs, Standard SPMDs have a uniform lipid content, which precludes any need for lipid normalization, and the extraction or dialysis solvent is standardized. 

Due to shifts of the pH-activity profiles, pH values often must be adjusted to obtain the optimal activity of the enzyme under investigation (Maurel and Douzou, 1975). When the above requirements are fulfilled, there is always a residual effect of the cosolvent on enzyme activity. In most cases, such an effect is small compared to the effect of lowering temperature. It must be checked that the effect is instantaneous upon addition of the solvent, independent of time, and fully reversible by infinite dilution or dialysis. If these conditions are not met, one should suspect denaturation. 

When the urea and thiol are removed by dialysis (see p. 78), secondary and tertiary structures develop again spontaneously. The cysteine residues thus return to a suf ciently close spatial vicinity that disulfide bonds can once again form under the oxidative effect of atmospheric oxygen. The active center also reestablishes itself In comparison with the denatured protein, the native form is astonishingly compact, at 4.5 2.5 nm. In this state, the apolar side chains (yellow) predominate in the interior of the protein, while the polar residues are mainly found on the surface. This distribution is due to the hydrophobic effect (see p. 28), and it makes a vital contribution to the stability of the native conformation (B). 

Ci8 derivatized silica as the sorbent, while a diphasic dialysis membrane procedure was employed for the isolation of chloramphenicol residues from milk constituents using ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent (68). 

To reduce coextractives in the primary sample extract and concentrate the analyte(s), various types of sample cleanup procedures can be applied. They include conventional liquid-liquid partitioning, solid-phase extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, and online dialysis and subsequent trace enrichment (Table 29.5). In many applications, more than one of these procedures is applied in combination to decrease the background noise of the detector, thus making it possible to quantify trace level residue concentrations. 

Online dialysis and subsequent trace enrichment has been further described for isolation/purification of flumequine residues from fish muscle (203), or oxolinic acid and flumequine from chicken liver (193) and salmon muscle (204). This involves online purification by diphasic dialysis membrane and trapping of the analytes onto a liquid chromatographic preconcentration column (reversed-phase Ci8 or polymeric), rinsing of the coextracted materials to waste, and finally flushing of die concentrated analytes onto the analytical column. 

Diphasic dialysis can also be used for purification of the primary sample extract. This procedure was only applied in the determination of clenbuterol residues in liver using tert.-butylmethyl ether as the extraction solvent (483). 

---