Diabetes Growth hormones

Many hormones are proteins, often containing only a relatively small number of residues. Insulin is perhaps the most well known peptide hormone because of its role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, it plays an important role in the control of diabetes. Growth hormone is another example of a protein. 

Galanin GAL1 Human cDNA Alzheimer s disease, feeding diabetes, growth disorders, pain, stroke, obesity, Parkinson s disease Inhibition of acetylcholine release, regulation of motility, inhibition of insulin release, stimulation of growth hormone, inhibition of LH-RH secretion... 

Hormones are intercellular messengers insulin is used to treat diabetes, while growth hormone promotes bone and tissue growth. 

Certain forms of dwarfism, type II diabetes, kidney disease, growth hormone insensitivity, cachexia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy Wound healing, skin ulcers Diabetic ulcers, wound healing... 

Cardiac failure may also affect metabolism by altering hepatic blood flow. However, even after heart attack without hypotension or cardiac failure, metabolism may be affected. For example, the plasma clearance of lidocaine is reduced in this situation. Other diseases such as those, which affect hormone levels hyper-or hypothyroidism, lack of or excess growth hormone, and diabetes can alter the metabolism of foreign compounds. 

Responses to hormonal manipulations and fasting. Activities responded in a parallel fashion to glucocorticoid administration (93-96, 113), alloxan diabetes and insulin therapy (41, 113, 117), growth hormone treatment (118), and acute and prolonged fasting (90, 98, 118, 121). 

Gershberg H, Zorrilla E, Hernandez A, Hulse M. Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on serum insulin and growth hormone levels in diabetics and potential diabetics. Obstet Gynecol 1969 33(3) 383-9. 

The concentration versus time profiles after subcutaneous injection of 10 micrograms of exenatide into the abdomen, arm, and thigh were similar in 28 people with type 2 diabetes, mean age 56 years (18). Long-term injection of insulin can cause local problems such as lipohypertrophy, and so rotation of injection sites is recommended. Similar problems have also been reported with growth hormone. It would therefore be wise to vary the injection site of exenatide, as systemic availability is comparable. 

Secondary growth hormone insensitivity syndrome is thought to develop when chronic insulin deficiency and poor metabolic control occur in people with type 1 diabetes. High growth hormone concentrations are found in conjunction with low concentrations of IGF1. 

A 13-year-old boy with Prader-Willi syndrome and steatohepatitis was given growth hormone 0.23 mg/kg/ week (63). His HbAic concentration before treatment was 5.6%. Four weeks later he developed diabetic ketoacidosis. He was given insulin and the growth hormone was withdrawn. Insulin was then gradually withdrawn and blood glucose concentrations remained normal for the next 6 months. 

Koller EA, Green L, Gertner JM, Bost M, Malozowski SN. Retinal changes mimicking diabetic retinopathy in two nondiabetic, growth hormone-treated patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 83(7) 2380-3. 

Jeffcoate W. Growth hormone therapy and its relationship to insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and diabetes mel-litus a review of recent evidence. Drug Saf 2002 25(3) 199-212. 

Czernichow P, Albertsson-Wikland K, Tuvemo T, 56. Gunnarsson R. Growth hormone treatment and diabetes survey of the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study. 

Filler G, Franke D, Amendt P, Ehrich JH. Reversible diabetes mellitus during growth hormone therapy in chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 1998 12(5) 405-7. 

Cutfield WS, Wilton P, Bennmarker H, Albertsson-Wikland K, Chatelain P, Ranke MB, Price DA. 65. Incidence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in children and adolescents receiving growth-hormone treatment. Lancet 2000 355(9204) 610-3. 

Jeffcoate W. Can growth hormone therapy cause diabetes 66. Lancet 2000 355(9204) 589-90. 

Yigit S, Estrada E, Bucci K, Hyams J, Rosengren S. Diabetic ketoacidosis secondary to growth hormone treatment in a boy with Prader-Willi syndrome and steatohe-patitis. J Ped Endocrinol Metab 2004 17 361 —4. 

Rowles S, Paisley A, Trainer PJ. Somastatin analogue versus growth-hormone antagonist treatment for acromegaly who should get what Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2003 10 265-71. 

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