Deviance

In summary, the SMS reaction is a truly efficient process, possessing a broad scope and applicable to a number of carbonyls, allylsilanes, alcohols (silyl ethers) or amines. Its usefulness has been validated in several total syntheses and demonstrated by the preparation of chiral homoallylic alcohols. During the development of the SMS reaction, Melkafia and Marko [48] realized that the homoallylic alcohol (ether), if connected to an allylsilane, would form novel annelating agents that would lead to tetrahydropyran derivatives via condensation with carbonyl compounds. This reaction was called IMSC for intramolecular Sakurai cydization and will be discussed in the next section. 

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The extent to which this condition does not occur is a m easiire of deviance from self-con sisten cy. Th e DIIS melh od ii ses a lin ear combination of previoii s Fock matrices to predict a Fock matrix that minimizes [I - K. This new Rich matrix is then used by the SCF calculation. 

The family environment, such as communicational deviancy, is unlikely to contribute to risk, because adoption studies indicate that the risk for schizophrenia in offspring of schizophrenics (i.e. first degree relatives) is unchanged by being adopted into and raised in a family without schizophrenia. Nevertheless, adverse family environments characterized by high levels of expressed emotions negatively affect the course of schizophrenia for those who are already symptomatic. 

Definitions of mental illness tend to contain two aspects a normative element and a functional element. Normative definitions delimit abnormal behavior in light of what is typical, usual, or the norm. Some degree of deviance from the norm is necessary for a behavior to be considered abnormal. Deviance alone, however, is never sufficient for a label of abnormality. High IQ is just as deviant as low IQ, but only mental retardation is labeled abnormal. This leads us to the functional element of the definition. Typically, the label of abnormality requires deviance plus maladaptation. Maladaptation suggests some diminished capacity to function relative to an average. For example, the DSM defines mental disorder as a syndrome that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, pp- xxi-xxii). 

Another way that professionals assess for psychiatric disorders is to use an inventory that assesses for personality characteristics. The most famous of these inventories is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), which is now in its second edition as an instrument. Although the MMPI is actually a personality inventory, as it names suggests, many professionals will use it to spot suspected psychiatric disorders, such as depression, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Anxiety Disorder. The MMPI has several scales to assess common personality traits, such as depression, mania, psychopathic deviance, and even alcohol and drug use (Weed, Butcher, McKenna, Ben-Porath, 1992). 

Vaughan D., 1996. The Challanger Launch Decision Risk Technology, Culture, and deviance at NASA, Chicago University Press, Chicago. 

The Gini index and the cross entropy measure are differentiable which is of advantage for optimization. Moreover, the Gini index and the deviance are more sensitive to changes in the relative frequencies than the misclassification error. Which criterion is better depends on the data set, some authors prefer Gini which favors a split into a small pure region and a large impure one. 

In more detail, let 7j denote the size of a tree T, i.e., T is the number of regions defined by the tree. Using a criterion Qi(T) from above (misclassification error, Gini index, or deviance) for quantifying the misclassification in region Rt of the tree T, a complexity criterion can be defined by... 

While in the regression case the optimization criterion was based on residual sum of squares, this would not be meaningful in the classification case. A usual error function in the context of neural networks is the cross entropy or deviance, defined as... 

Cohen, Peter. (1990). Drugs as a social construct Dissertation, Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, pp. I-IV. http //www.cedro-uva.org/lib/ cohen.drugs.toc.html] Reinarman, C and Levine, H. (1989), "The crack attack. Politics and Media in America s Latest Drug Scare", in Best, J, (Ed) Images and Issues Current Perspectives on Social Problems. N.Y Reinarman, C, Waldorf, D. Murphy, S. (1988). Scapegoating and social control in the construction of a public problem Empirical and critical findings on cocaine and work. Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control, Vol 9, p 37-62,... 

Nurco, D. (1999) Early deviance and related risk factors in the children of narcotic addicts. American... 

P. Conrad and J. Schneider, Deviance and Medicalization (Philadelphia Temple University Press, 1992). 

Bearden, C.E., Rosso, I.M., Hollister, J.M., Sanchez, L.E., Hadley, T, and Cannon, TD. (2000) A prospective cohort study of childhood behavioral deviance and language abnormalities as predictors of adult schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 26 395 10. 

Becker, G. The Mad Genius Controversy A Study in the Sociology of Deviance. London Sage, 1978. 

Research Council s Committee on Drug Addiction, 1928-1939." Isis 86 167-93. -. 1995b. "From All-Purpose Anodyne to Marker of Deviance Physicians ... 

A second and perhaps more common possibility is suggested by the occasional attraction of male moths to compounds very closely related to actual constituents of a pheromone. For example, in wind tunnel trials, about 5% of the males of the strain of the European com borer (O. nubilalis) that uses (Z)- and ( )-l 1-tetradecenyl acetate in a 97 3 ratio are attracted to a 2 1 mix of (Z)- and ( )-12-tetradecenyl acetates, which is the mix of the Asian com borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Roelofs et al, 2002). Such occasional mistakes also are found in many species when the attractancy of pheromone analogs are evaluated in the field small proportions of males are attracted to the wrong lures. The presumption is that there is a heritable basis for such deviance in at least some of these males. Again, these compounds could be recognized by forgiving receptors (Vickers et al., 1991 Baker,... 

Conrad, P. 1992. Deviance and Medicalization From Badness to Sickness. Philadelphia Temple... 

Becker, H. S., Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York The Free Press of Glencoe, 1963, pp. 47-48. 

VanMeter, L., Fein, D., Morris, R., Waterhouse, L., and Allen, D. (1997). Delay versus deviance in autistic social behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 557-569. 

On the criminalization of poverty in sixteenth-century Europe, see Jiitte, Poverty and Deviance, chaps. 8 and 9 and Pieter Spierenburg, "The Body and the State Eariy Modern Europe," in The Oxford History of the Prison The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, ed. Norvai Morris and David J. Rothman (New Yorit Oxford University Press, 1995). For the Beham image, see Jiitte, Poverty and Deviance, 16. 

Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge Cambridge... 

Javitt DC, Grochowski S, Shelley AM, Ritter W. 1998. Impaired mismatch negativity (MMN) generation in schizophrenia as a function of stimulus deviance, probability, and interstimulus/interdeviant interval. Electroen Clin Neuro 108 143-153. 

Doane JA, Jones JE, Fisher L, Ritzier B, Singer MT, et al. 1982. Parental communication deviance as a predictor of competence in children at risk for adult psychiatric disorder. 

Mouse Correlates of the Human Deviance-Related MMN and P300. 531... 

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