Leapfrog development

The gradual transition towards the biobased economy brings opportunities for developing countries to leapfrog beyond the petroleum era and into a cleaner, greener and more renewable future based on biotechnology knowledge. 

Developing nations that put hydrogen to work right away could leapfrog over the environmentally destructive practices that have occurred in other countries. 

The benefits are yet to be reaped and overall picture of medical history still remains much the same, as the fundamental principles attributed to Hippocrates seem remarkably unaffected by scientific advances. So, as we leapfrog ahead in history, we can take much of what is in previous chapters as more or less unchanged that is, with the exception of pausing for two recent developments that give some perspective of the medicine and pharmaceutical science to come. 

Fighting such leapfrog development—new housing projects... 

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), in addition to performing its primary role of supporting research, has taken the lead in promoting the identihcation and implementation of safe practices. To do this, AHRQ commissioned the National Quality Forum (NQF) to develop a list of thirty safe practices, published in May 2003. NQF s expert committee found sufficient evidence of impact to recommend these thirty practices to all hospitals. Both JCAHO and the Leapfrog Group will probably look to this fist for additional practices to be recommended. 

Schafer AI, Hughes G, Richards BS. Renewable energy powered membrane technology a leapfrog approach to rural water treatment in developing countries Renew Sustain Energy Rev... 

In practice molecular dynamics is run with finite time steps. Using the equations above would therefore lead to the introduction of inaccuracies (Biesiadecki and Skeel 1993). A number of algorithms have been developed to overcome this difficulty. One of the most widely used is the Verlet Leapfrog Algorithm (VLA), modified from Verlet s original algorithm (Verlet 1967) which uses the velocity at the mid-step v( + /2 ). 

Whilst China is undoubtedly on track to be a leading economic superpower and will shortly leapfrog the UK into world number four spot in GDP terms, its science superpower status trails behind somewhat. In an interesting recent remark the anonymous Research and Development Director of a leading manufacturer observed that whilst Chinese telecommunications are strong in the field of development, their success in basic research is nowhere near as good. 

Electro-catalyst supports play a vital role in ascertaining the performance, durability, and cost of PEMFC and DMFC systems. A myriad of nano-structured materials including carbon nanostructures, metal oxides, conducting polymers, transition metals nitrides and carbides, and many hybrid conjugates, have been exhaustively researched to improve the existing support and also to develop novel PEMFC/DMFC catalyst support. One of the main challenges in the immediate future is to develop new catalyst supports that improve the durability of the catalyst layer and, in a best-case scenario, also impact the electronic properties of the active phase to leapfrog to improve catalyst kinetics. 

Cardwell, The Fontana History of Technology, 1994, pp. 113-128. The precocious development of the steam engine appears as a leapfrogging of practice and theory. Each advance prompted the direction... 

---