Determination of bound

One of the aldehyde groups of the gossypol is believed to react with the primary amine of the lysine units of the cottonseed proteins to form the Schiff base or imine type compound as shown at the top of Figure 12 (16, 17). An analytical method for determination of bound gossypol, developed by Pons et al. 

There are three NMR-based approaches suitable to propose the bioactive conformation of ligands in the absence of the coordinates of the whole complex 1. conformation analysis of free ligand in solution has a high chance to find with some population the bound conformation, although it may be solvent dependent (refer to Sect. 2.2.2) 2. determination of bound ligand conformation by means of transferred NMR methods if the dissociation constant is not smaller than approximately 50 pM (refer to Sects. 2.1 and 2.3) 3. solid-state NMR of the complex if the ligand can be obtained with 13C labels (Sect. 2.2.3). 

Grant, E.H. "Determination of Bound Water in Biological Materials." In Proc. Workshop Physical Bases of Electromagnetic Interactions with Biological Systems, University of Maryland, 1979, p. 113. 

For quantitative determinations of bound methionine sulfoxide and tryptophan, 10 cockroaches of each sex were homogenized and were extracted with the above solvents saturated with nitrogen. 

Regardless from the type of linear transformation, the determination of bound and free reagent is conducted by a comparison with a preestablished calibration line. Therefore special attention must be paid to the proper selection of the CE conditions. Protein sorption or any loss of reagent during electrophoresis should be avoided. Freshly performed calibration is strongly recommended, particularly when fluorescence detection is used. The necessity to conduct calibration is an obvious drawback of the method, since in many cases it is a very time-consuming procedure. 

The determination of the quantity of protein bound to the insoluble carrier sometimes causes difficulties. The methods usually applied are laborious or somewhat inaccurate. Labeling of assayed protein, for instance with C-acet-anhydride, makes it possible to carry out a very fast and exact determination of immobilized protein The determination of bound enzyme C-labeled aldolase after its immobilization on polyacrylamide can serve as an example The concentration measurements of certain proteins are based on their ability to bind certain ligands. Radiolabels such as or H-biotin have been used for the determination of avidin by direct binding or for biotin assay by isotopic dilution Cofactor and fluorescent labeled ligands have been also used for the monitoring of specific protein binding reactions. 

The N 4- l)-electron collision problem is solved in a sphere of radius a, which is chosen to be larger than the distance beyond which the radial orbitals of a chosen set of bound states become negligibly small. The solution is essentially a configuration-interaction method where the basis configurations consist of determinants of bound orbitals representing the N target electrons and continuum orbitals for the continuum electron. The radial continuum orbitals are solutions of a potential problem... 

We have also demonstrated the utility of analytical DEAR coupled with ESI-MS in the determination of bound nucleotide. This technique may be useful in evaluation of K-ras protein that has been loaded with GTP analogues in order to activate it (7). 

A. Vita, The Determination of Bound Nitrogen in Uranium Hexafluoride with an Ammonia Electrode, Analytical Chimica Acta, 81 (1976) 45-52. 

T Hatakeyama, K Nakamura, H.Hatakeyama. Determination of bound water content in polymers by DTA, DSC and TG. Thermochimica Acta 123 153-161, 1988. 

An interesting electrochemical method for the determination of bound sialic acid has been developed, making use of a potentiometric four-channel thick-film sensor [236]. The sialidase sensor consists of a bilayer of a membrane containing Clostridium perfringens sialidase immobilized in a poly(vinyl acetate)-polyethylene copolymer, which is placed on top of an fT -selective poly(vinyl chloride)-poly(vinyl acetate) indicator membrane. The enzyme-induced release of bound sialic acid leads to a concomitant decrease in pA a of the carboxyl function of sialic acid. This decrease affords a local pH change inside the sialidase-containing sensor membrane, which is monitored by the H -selective indicator membrane. The pH optimum of the sialidase sensor was pH 4 for sialyllactose, mucin and colominic acid. 

All sediment samples were pre-extracted with methanol, butanol and solutions of hexane/acetone. The principal analytical flow scheme applied to the samples for the detection and determination of bound residues is given in Fig. 2. 

Figure 4.3 Sandwich-immunoassay for the determination of bound pesticide residue. Schematic view. Antibody 1 (Ab 392) is immobilized on a polystyrene surface. Incubation of the analyte (bound residue). Addition of antibody 2 (Ab K1F4) detection by use of a third enzyme-labelled antibody 3. (From Ulrich, M.G.,. Anal. Chem., 354, 352, 1996. With permission.)... 

Lll. Lewis, W. R., Chiang, J. L., and Gross, S., Factors affecting the determination of bound ascorbic acid in blood serum or animal tissues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 89, 21-26 (1960). 

P. aeruginosa AAC(3) for the NMR determination of bound substrate conformation," and the Streptomyces... 

P. Ulrich, R. Niessner, Development of a Sandwich Immunoassay for the Determination of Bound Residues , Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 354, 352-358 (1996). 

A. Dankwardt, B. Hock, Determination of Bound Tri-azine Residues in Soil by Immunochemical Methods , GITFachz. Lab., 39, 721-722 (1995). 

Configliacchi E, Razzano G, Rizzo V, Vigevani A. HPLC methods for the determination of bound and free doxorubicin and of bound and free galactosamine in methacrylamide polymer-drug conjugates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996 15 123-129. 

Dunand et al reviewed solvent exchange on metal ions. Post summarized recently developed experiments in exchange-transferred NOE spectroscopy for the determination of bound ligand structures. Bain and Khasawneh reviewed the complete range of quadrupole interactions. The spectroscopy is continuously followed from zero through high magnetic field. 

Fig. 5 Effect of water uptake on glass transition temperature and the determination of bound vs free water in a polyurethane SMP. Immersion in water at room temperature (a) results in a Tg reduction. Absorbed water consist of two fractions The free water, which can be removed by drying under moderate conditions without effects on Tg (b), and the bound water, which is in closed interaction with the polymer and requires further heating for desorption (c). Adapted with permission from [24], Copyright 2005, American Institute of Physics...

Determination of Bound Propylene in Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers... 

Determination of Bound Ester Groups in Polyacrylates and Polymethacrylates... 

Determination of Bound Nitrile Groups in Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers... 

Determination of Bound Vinyl Acetate in Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers... 

The methods described in this paper are effective for the determination of bound and resonance states for single and multichannel problems. The direct calculation of phase shift derivatives is very useful for the determination of zero energy phase shifts and the positions and widths of resonances. The methods are suitable for use on supercomputers. 

Active immobilized enzyme spectro-photometric determination of bound protein... 

An infrared spectroscopic method for the determination of bound ethylene in ethylene propylene copolymers is described in Method 91. This method utilizes the absorbance of the 732 cm infrared absorption band attributed to (gamma) (CH2)3 groups characteristic of an ethylene unit isolated between two head to tail propylene units ... 

METHOD 93 - DETERMINATION OF BOUND STYRENE IN STYRENATED ALKYL RESINS. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY."... 

Determination of bound ethylene in ethylene-propylene copolymers containing greater than 95% bound propylene. Infrared spectroscopy... 

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