Determination, definition

Bestie, /. beast, brute, bestimmbar, a. determinable, bestimmen, v.t. determine fix, design, allot, define. — bestimmt, p.a. determined, determinate, definite, fixed, appointed, certain, specific. 

The DSM is careful to recognize that culture also determines definitions of mental illness. In the DSM, unusual and distressing behaviors such as culturally sanctioned responses to the death of a loved one are excluded from diagnosis. Most current conceptualizations of mental illness recognize that societal values play an important role in establishing whether something is a mental disorder (Lilienfeld Marino, 1995 Wakefield, 1992). The result is that the boundaries of mental illness are believed to shift as a function of culture, both across cultures and within cultures, over time. One important implication of cultural relativism is that definitions of mental illness will necessarily vary. 

Modem work on these and related bare post-transition element clusters began in the 1960s after Corbett and coworkers found ways to obtain crystalline derivatives of these post-transition element clusters by the use of suitable counterions. Thus, crystalline derivatives of the cluster anions had cryptate or polyamine complexed alkali metals as countercations [8]. Similarly, crystalline derivatives of the cluster cations had counteractions, such as AlCLj, derived from metal halide strong Lewis acids [9]. With crystalhne derivatives of these clusters available, their structures could be determined definitively using X-ray diffraction methods. 

Finally, concentration units in soil are a combination of the above with a twist. Soil is a multiphase media, and different concentration units are applied, typically, to each phase. The interstitial space (in between the soil) is filled with water or air in most cases, and the corresponding concentration units for water or air, respectively, would be used. In addition, the concentration of a compound adsorbed to the sediment is normally given either as mass of compound/mass of solid or moles of compound/mass of solid. The mass of solid is one of the few soil parameters that can be determined definitively, so that is what is used. 

Limit of Quantification For the limit of quantification, or limit of determination, definitions and formulas are very similar to those of LOD, except that for LOQ, is taken to be 5, 6, or even 10 [2, 4,15, 56,72, 96]. A value of 10 for means that the %RSD at the limit of quantification is 10%. The LOQ thus corresponds to that concentration or amount of analyte quantifiable with a variation coefficient not higher than 10% [98]. The LOQ is always higher than the LOD and is often taken as a fixed multiple (typically 2) of the detection limit [4]. Also, the determination limit is referred to as the signal 10 times above the noise or background signal, corresponding to a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 1 [72, 85]. 

An important goal of studies with intermediate- and short-term biomarkers is validation of the markers by demonstrating their correlation with definitive endpoints. It is reasonable to expect that these biomarkers will enable differences in human susceptibilities to exogenous chemicals to be detected, or suspected, at an early stage of exposure, and the liability of susceptible persons to be predicted long before the definitive endpoint is reached. It follows that studies using such biomarkers could be accomplished in a much shorter time and at a much lower cost than those aimed at determining definitive end-points. 

Definitive data are obtained with rigorous analytical methods, such as EPA-approved methods or other standard analytical methods. For the data to be definitive, either analytical or total measurement error must be determined. Definitive data, which are analyte-specific and have a high degree of confidence in analyte identity and concentration, are used for decisions that have consequences for human health and the environment, such as site closure, risk assessment, and compliance monitoring of water effluents and air emissions. Definitive data may be generated at a field (mobile) laboratory or at an off-site (fixed-base) laboratory. 

The reaction of CH2 with C02 was first postulated by Kistiakowsky and Sauer (13) as taking place via an a-lactone intermediate. The occurrence of this reaction was subsequently demonstrated by Milligan and Jacox (14) in low temperature matrices. These low temperature matrix isolation experiments, however, could not determine definitely the structure of the CH2 C02 intermediate. The result of our laser absorption experiment shows that the CO is vibrationally excited up to v — 4 with a distribution close to the one predicted by a statistical model assuming the existence of a long-lived CH2 C02 complex. This calculation, however, is insensitive to the structure of the complex assumed. Since the ground state triplet CH2 is known to be less reactive and kinetically behaves like CHj (15,16), which does not react readily with C02, the singlet A CH2 is assumed to be involved in the reaction. 

From the evidence yet available it is not possible to determine definitely whether alginic acid possesses a linear or a slightly branched structure. 

There is still no clear evidence that OS contribute directly to atherogenesis in humans. According to Brown and Jessup (1999), further studies are necessary to determine definitely the role of OS in atherosclerosis, and Bjorkhem and Diczfalusy (2002) concluded that the normal dietary intake of OS is probably of little or no importance in the development of atherosclerosis. It is possible that OS associated with modified LDL may be a marker or footprint of late events or may be an additional factor... 

Although it is not possible to determine definitely from Figure 84 whether f.c.c. Fe-Xi alloys correspond to case (c) or case (d), the fact that these alloys are ferromagnetic dictates that nje > 7, or that MFe < 3mb in these alloys. That this condition is fulfilled has been confirmed by neutron diffraction experiments (see Table XXI). 

A type of donor-fulgimide-acceptor (D-F-A) molecule 69e (see Scheme 22) has been used to study intramolecular energy transfer. In this molecule, the fulgimide unit is a switch for energy transfer. By controlling the E or C form of the fulgimide molecule, an intramolecular energy transfer is possible, but the transfer mechanism cannot be determined definitely.91... 

While the effect of the hydroxylic solvent on k2 cannot be quantified, it would be expected to accelerate it. The work of Hickey and Maitlis (19) involved the use of nonhydroxylic solvents, in which this accelerating effect is not available, and the assumption that k2 is fast under these conditions may not be justified. It is even possible that it may be slowed to the extent that it contributes to the rate-limiting step. If this is the case, the rate enhancements observed in their work might also be attributable to the acceleration of the k2 step by the Lewis acid countercations. Such effects of cations on migratory insertions are expected to be more important under their experimental conditions, where ion pairing was acknowledged to be significant. However, while this alternative explanation may appear to be consistent with the available data, we must emphasize that it is speculative. Certainly, more detailed studies are required to determine definitively the reason for this acceleratory effect. 

In Table 8 the drugs are listed which have been found in hair, not belonging to one of the groups above. Ishiyama et al. detected tricyclic antidepressants in hair and discussed the possibility to determine definitely if patients are under a longterm treatment of medicines. Pentazocine was abused by a medical doctor and could be detected by hair analysis. In patients under methadone treatment, hair analysis perhaps may show a dose-related concentration. Kintz et al. ° detected several... 

A careful history helps to reveal the etiology of the traumatic event, although the possibility of corneal laceration or penetration may not be determined definitively from the history alone. Patient symptomatology associated with deep corneal injuries may vary widely. In the event of a small corneal penetration that has self-sealed, associated symptomatology may be relatively minor. More extensive involvement may produce symptoms of pain, photophobia, tearing, or blepharospasm. 

Meclofenamic acid is an anthranilic acid derivative that is typically administered orally to horses. The pharmacokinetics of this NSAID in horses has been well defined. For example, the plasma half-life in horses has been determined in several studies and varies between 0.7 and 1.4 h (Johansson et al 1991, Snow et al 1981). Absorption is variable after oral dosing with estimates of bioavailability ranging from 60 to 90% and peak plasma concentrations occurring 1-3 h after administration (Johansson et al 1991). The effect of ingesta on the absorption of meclofenamic acid from the gastrointestinal tract has not been determined definitively. In one study, the absorption rate of the NSAID was the same in ponies whether they were fasted or fed (Snow et al 1981). However, another study found that absorption of meclofenamic acid was delayed in horses allowed free access to hay (May Lees 1999). In horses, the liver metabolizes meclofenamic acid primarily by oxidation to an active hydroxymethyl metabolite, which may be further oxidized to an inactive carboxyl metabolite (Plumb 1999). 

Glucose has been perhaps too little investigated to afford data suflScient to determine definitely its formula. Taking, however, muck and saccharic acids as starting-points, these bodies may be meanwhile represented as shown on the next page. 

The first issue with regard to growth is to determine if the compound in question has potential for growth. Growth potential may be very difficult to determine definitively because of (1) large dependence on impurities and (2) lack of patience. Once estabhshed, growth can be used for initial seed preparation. Once seed is grown, all crystallizations are started with proper seeds. 

Thus, the specific surface area of synthesized adsorbents and catalysts is a quantity depending on many factors and in its explanation it should be borne in mind that none of the factors determines definitely the value of the specific surface area of adsorbents synthesized. In this connection, the structure formation of each of the hydroxides should be considered only individually and all components of this process should be analyzed. Moreover, manifestation of a particular factor is different for other hydrogels. It is most likely that only the joint effect of all the factors under required conditions determines the final structure of synthesized porous materials. Therefore, it is unnecessary to seek for some general relationships describing the structure-formation process. In this case some individual factors that make the most appreciable contributions to the behaviour of the structure can be indicated. 

The amount of sugar actually incorporated in most cured meats is probably too low to impart a definitely sweet taste to the product, but it may serve to soften the brashness of the salt (16, 17). Bacon represents an exception, as the cooked product contains a higher percentage of sugar, which imparts a sweet taste. When hams and pork butts were cured with and without sugar and subjected to taste panel tests (1, 10, 2U), the results indicated that sugar is not a dominant factor in the flavor of these products. Additional, more critical tests are needed to determine definitely what part, if any, the sugars play in development of the flavor of cured meats. 

---