Design considerations environmental effects

Synthetic chemistry is a highly advanced field, and chemists have developed the expertise in designing chemicals for specific industrial or pharmaceutical functions. Unfortunately, even today relatively little systematic consideration is given to rationally minimizing undesired toxic and environmental effects at the design stage. 

Truitt, C.L. Engineering Considerations for Calling Subaqueous Dredged Material Deposits - Design Concq>ts and Placement Techniques Environmental Effects of Dredging, Technical Notes. EEDP-09-1, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, 1987. 

The third important design consideration for liquid refill systems is the environmental conditions under which the system must operate, particularly temperature, pressure, vibration and gravity. There are other environmental factors, but these are the ones which have the most important effects on the design of the system. As the ambient temperature increases, the total heat load on the system is increased and that part of this load due to radiant heat transfer is increased as the difference between the fourth power of the temperature rather than as a linear function of temperature, so ambient temperature can be an important factor in sizing the system. 

Although products tend to get the most public attention in consideration of environmental matters, processes often have more environmental impact Successful process designs tend to stay in service for many years and to be used to make a wide range of products. While the product of a process may have minimal environmental impact, the process by which the product is made may have marked environmental effects. An example is the manufacture of paper. The environmental impact of paper as a product, even when improperly discarded, is not terribly great, whereas the process by which it is made involves harvesting wood from forests, high use of water, potential emission of a wide range of air pollutants, and other factors with profound environmental implications. 

Whilst careful design and informed forethought can often minimise or even prevent corrosion at little extra cost where the environmental conditions or the conditions of service are severe (as in most forms of marine and offshore engineering) reliable, secure and cost-effective corrosion control cannot be effectively achieved without considerable expense, although even in these circumstances good design can help to significantly reduce this. In... 

Even though environmental toxicology could have profound effects on the HS response, there are other considerations where manipulation of the HS response could be beneficial. For example, constitutive induction of the HS response in bacteria could be a potential means to develop super-microbes which could withstand harsh environments while engaging in their genetically-designed function such as scouring oil spills and enzymatically converting toxins into harmless substances. 

The location of a facility (e.g., next to a farm in which pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers are frequently used or next door to a chemical factory that generates noxious fumes) could have an adverse effect on the conduct of a nonclinical laboratory study unless the facility is designed to protect against outside environmental contaminants. Although the GLP revisions of 1987 eliminated location as a consideration in 58.41, it is still a strong consideration in the design and construction of nonclinical laboratories. 

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