Dependence prevalence

Hessner MJ, Dinauer DM, Kwiatkowski R, Neri B, Raife TJ. Age-dependent prevalence of vascular disease-associated polymorphisms among 2689 volunteer blood donors. Clin Chem 2001 47 1879-1884. 

Stress corrosion cracking, prevalent where boiling occurs, concentrates corrosion products and impurity chemicals, namely in the deep tubesheet crevices on the hot side of the steam generator and under deposits above the tubesheet. The cracking growth rates increase rapidly at both high and low pH. Either of these environments can exist depending on the type of chemical species present. 

Wet-process acid is manufactured by the digestion of phosphate rock (calcium phosphate) with sulfuric acid. Depending on availabiHty, other acids such as hydrochloric may be used, but the sulfuric-based processes are by far the most prevalent. Phosphoric acid is separated from the resultant calcium sulfate slurry by filtration. To generate a filterable slurry and to enhance the P2O5 content of the acid, much of the acid filtrate is recycled to the reactor. 

Productivity of local craft labor also depends on the use and avail-abihty of modern mechanical tools and construction equipment. Normally, the low cost of labor in certain countries tends to cut out the purchase or hire of sophisticated laborsaving equipment and to encourage the employment of large pools of labor, particularly in developing countries such as India, Pakistan, southeast Asian countries, and many African countries. In turn, this usually leads to higher construc tion costs. The use of laborsaving eqiiipment is prevalent in Canada, western Europe, Japan, and, to an increasing extent, the Middle East. 

In this chapter I propose to exemplify the many categories of u.seful materials which depend on extreme forms of preparation and treatment, shape, mierostructure or function. My subject-matter here should also include ultrahigh pressure, but this has already been diseussed in Section 4.2.3. As techniques of preparation have steadily become more sophisticated over the last few deeades of the twentieth century, materials in extreme states have become steadily more prevalent. 

In the labeling market, hot melts provide the capability to bond non-porous films to plastic cans and bottles. Hot melt usage has grown with the prevalence of such plastic to plastic laminations. The choice of hot melts depends on the equipment, the substrates, whether the bottles are filled or unfilled, and any post-labeling processing (e.g. pasteurization, or heat shrinkage of the film). 

Review of Solutions in General. In the discussion of these various examples we have noticed at extreme dilution the prevalence of the term — In Xb, or alternatively — In yB. The origin of this common factor in many different types of solutions can be shown, as we might suspect, to be of a fundamental nature. For this purpose let us make the familiar comparison between a dilute solution and a gas. Since the nineteenth century it has been recognized that the behavior of any solute in extremely dilute solution is, in some ways, similar to that of a gas at low pressure. Now when a vessel of volume v contains n particles of a perfect gas at a lixed temperature, the value of the entropy depends on the number of particles per unit volume, n/v. In fact, when an additional number of particles is introduced into the vessel, the increment in the entropy, per particle added, is of the form... 

The present review shows how the microhardness technique can be used to elucidate the dependence of a variety of local deformational processes upon polymer texture and morphology. Microhardness is a rather elusive quantity, that is really a combination of other mechanical properties. It is most suitably defined in terms of the pyramid indentation test. Hardness is primarily taken as a measure of the irreversible deformation mechanisms which characterize a polymeric material, though it also involves elastic and time dependent effects which depend on microstructural details. In isotropic lamellar polymers a hardness depression from ideal values, due to the finite crystal thickness, occurs. The interlamellar non-crystalline layer introduces an additional weak component which contributes further to a lowering of the hardness value. Annealing effects and chemical etching are shown to produce, on the contrary, a significant hardening of the material. The prevalent mechanisms for plastic deformation are proposed. Anisotropy behaviour for several oriented materials is critically discussed. 

Catalytic C—C coupling is particularly valuable in asymmetric synthesis because of its potential for stereodivergent product generation [13], by which multiple stereoisomeric products can be derived from common synthetic building blocks (Eigure 10.1). Obviously, such a synthetic strategy depends on the prevalence of related stereocomplementary enzymes that must have a similarly broad substrate tolerance. 

The 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES), based on interviews with a national probability household sample of nearly 43,000 adults age 18 years and older, showed the 1-year prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol use disorder to be 7.4% (i.e., 3.0% with alcohol abuse and 4.4% with alcohol dependence) (Grant et al. 1994). Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a community-based survey of nearly 43,000 individuals conducted in 2001—2002 (Grant... 

Grant BF, Harford TC, Dawson DA, et al Prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence United States, 1992. Alcohol Health and Research World 18 243— 248, 1994... 

Grant BF, Harford TC Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression results of a national survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 39 197-206, 1995 Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, et al The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend 74 223-234, 2004a... 

Comparable findings for lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders were obtained in another study of 133 persons, which also found that 47% received a concurrent DSM-III diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence (Khantzian and Treece 1985). The most frequently abused substances were sedative-hypnotics (23%), alcohol (14%), and cannabis (13%). Similar rates of psychiatric disorders were found in other studies of drug abusers (Mirin et al. 1986 Woody et al. 1983). Although such diagnoses do not imply causality, and, in many cases, opioid dependence causes or exacerbates psychiatric problems, some causal link seems likely (Regier et al. 1990). 

Clinicians have more recently become more aware of elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in both men and women with opioid dependence (Hien et al. 2000). A lifetime prevalence of PTSD of 20% in women and 11% in men was found in one sample of methadone maintenance patients (Villagomez et al. 1995). Patients often deny a PTSD history during initial assessment. They should be reassessed after they have had the opportunity to develop trust in their treating clinicians. 

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