Dependence on Processing Parameters

Coextrusion is the process of extruding two or more materials simultaneously or in tandem. It allows a combination of an ingredient such as wheat flour, which is inexpensive and easily enriched with vitamins and minerals, with dairy protein, which provides functionality and texture. For example, an early coextrusion of wheat flour and rennet casein was performed by van de Voort et al. (1984), who obtained products with varying characteristics depending on process parameters. 

The modeling results showed that for the materials studied, the minimum melt superheat ranges from 0.005 Tm to 0.19Tm, depending on process parameters and material properties. The dependence is quantitatively expressed in a correlation derived from a regression analysis of the numerical results ... 

For the delivery of atomization gas, different types of nozzles have been employed, such as straight, converging, and converging-diverging nozzles. Two major types of atomizers, i.e., free-fall and close-coupled atomizers, have been used, in which gas flows may be subsonic, sonic, or supersonic, depending on process parameters and gas nozzle designs. In sonic or supersonic flows, the mass flow rate of atomization gas can be calculated with the following equation based on the compressible fluid dynamics ... 

Depending on process parameters, culture age and genetic make-up, filamentous microorganisms in an industrial fermenter can either grow as free mycelia or as mycelial aggregates — pellets or flocks (Fig. 2). Of course, this polar definition is far from reality all kinds of intermediate morphologies exist between free unassociated mycelia, loose flocks and dense pellets. The... 

The e.c.n. value depends on process parameters such as temperature, pH value, and concentrations of substrate(s) and product(s). With the molar masses of enzyme and product, e.c.n. and TTN can be interconverted [Eq. (2.27)]. 

This study shows that it is possible to fractionate CB with SC-C02. The SC-C02 stearin shows differences in both physical and chemical properties, i. e. increased hardness, whereas the SC-C02 olein is very similar to CB. Composition of the fractions obtained is dependent on process parameters. Further work is in progress to study the effect of different operating conditions and S/F ratios on yields and composition of the fractions, especially the olein fraction. 

Release depends on process parameters Film coating process dominates release, which may be sensitive in relation to many different process parameters water is difficult... 

As mentioned before. Teflon AF has the lowest dielectric constant of most polymeric materials (e 2.0) and a dielectric loss (tan6) close to 0.02. Both dielectric constant and loss were found to be dependent on process parameters such as feed gas composition. Low dielectric constants ( 2.1) were obtained for... 

Solidification of weld metal takes place at high cooling rates. Depending on process parameters, such as the size of the weld pool, rates have been reported to vary between 20 and 200°C/s, [10, 11],... 

The amount of the tar in the gas and fly ash varies depending on process parameters. Gasification at high temperature and high ER results in a lower content of tars in the product gas. For fly ash the fuel properties and the gas Altering temperature seems to be the two crucial parameters. Table 2 shows the ranges for the measured tar contents in the gas and fly ash. 

Structure of the dendrites, it becomes important to know how dendrite growth depends on processing parameters so that the desired microstructure can be engineered. 

Measurements of this kind provide important information towards elucidating the kinetics of formation and release of coffee flavor compounds during roasting, and their dependence on process parameters. Ultimately, such data can be used to optimize roasting conditions with respect to aroma intensity and composition of the roasted coffee. 

The location of onset of abnormal grain growth depends on processing parameters. 

The choice of a material for a plant component is not only decided by requirements for corrosion resistance, but also depends on process parameters (T, P, concentration, pH, state of flow, etc.) and product specifications. Apart from economy and good workability, there are a wide range of factors that must be taken into account in materials selection. 

In order to specify the type of reactor to be used later, information must be available on the potential reaction routes to the main and secondary products and the byproducts. The rate of formation and its dependence on process parameters such as temperature, pressure, and catalyst concentration should, if possible, be known quantitatively. The elucidation of the reaction mechanism must be dispensed with in the early stages of... 

The fiber morphology has been shown to be dependent on process parameters, namely solution properties (system parameters), process conditions (operational parameters), and ambient conditions [1,2],... 

The power demand of a machine tool may be divided into a constant and a variable component (Diaz et al. 2009). The constant power can be attributed to the computer, fans, lighting, etc., of the machine tool. This component of the total power demand is independent of process parameter selection. The variable power demand, though, is dependent on process parameter selection and can be attributed to the spindle or the drives of the table axes. The processing time per unit manufactured is determined by the feed... 

The air permeability of WHIPOX CMCs strongly depends on processing parameters, matrix composition, and on the composite architecture. According to Figure 12 flow rates range between 10 and 1001/cm busing overpressures of 250 mbar. It can be anticipated that... 

The composition and relative amounts of the products formed are dependent on process parameters such as heating rate, pressure, coal type coal (and product) residence time, coal particle size, and reactor configuration. A major disadvantage of this type of process is the large yields of char (Table 18.2) that markedly reduce the yield of liquid products. 

Figure 2.4 shows a schematic diagram of a plasma device and different reactive species (Yousefi et a/., 2003). Plasma conversion of the feed gas produces chemically active particles that are able to modify the textile surface through chemical reactions at the surface. Various surface modifications can be obtained depending on process parameters such as ... 

For cyclic oxidation, the roughness of the TOO increases with thermal cycles, and the interfacial separation gradually accumulates as a result of TOO rumpling (Fig. 15) [88]. Concurrently, the cracks and rumpling cause a steady decrease of the stresses in the TOO. It should be emphasized that the magnitude of the luminescence shift alone is insufficient to characterise the degradation of the TGO-BC interface, since the stresses in the TGO also depend on processing parameters, temperatures, bond coat, TGO microstructure etc [88]. For this reason, no unique relationship currently exists between the absolute value of the shift and the cyclic life. 

During aging silica is redistributed in the gel. Although this redistribution is based on hydrolysis/recondensation reactions of silica monomers, oligomers or particles, depending on process parameters (temperature, concentration, pH, catalysts) many transformations and structures may be formed, resulting in a wide selection of porous... 

In this process, the welding quality depends on process parameters, which is defined by the equipment manufacturer. To achieve higher efficiency, the longer welding times can be replaced by a multiple welding system. 

---