Dependence, car

While in the frequency domain all the spectroscopic information regarding vibrational frequencies and relaxation processes is obtained from the positions and widths of the Raman resonances, in the time domain this information is obtained from coherent oscillations and the decay of the time-dependent CARS signal, respectively. In principle, time- and frequency-domain experiments are related to each other by Fourier transform and carry the same information. However, in contrast to the driven motion of molecular vibrations in frequency-multiplexed CARS detection, time-resolved CARS allows recording the Raman free induction decay (RFID) with the decay time T2, i.e., the free evolution of the molecular system is observed. While the non-resonant contribution dephases instantaneously, the resonant contribution of RFID decays within hundreds of femtoseconds in the condensed phase. Time-resolved CARS with femtosecond excitation, therefore, allows the separation of nonresonant and vibrationally resonant signals [151]. 

Biotin is the cofactor involved in the catalysis of bicarbonate-dependent car-boxylation reactions. 

In every part of the world, the same type of classification as above is found for fuels premium or regular, with or without lead. The octane numbers can be different from one country to another depending on the extent of development of their car populations and the capabilities of their local refining industries. The elimination of lead is becoming the rule wherever there are large automobile populations and severe anti-pollution requirements. Thus the United States, Japan and Canada no longer distribute leaded fuels. (... 

Depending on the relative phase difference between these temis, one may observe various experimental spectra, as illustrated in figure Bl.5.14. This type of behaviour, while potentially a source of confiision, is familiar for other types of nonlinear spectroscopy, such as CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering) [30. 31] and can be readily incorporated mto modelling of measured spectral features. 

In the Car-Parrinello method [6] (and see, e.g., [24, 25, 16, 4]), the adiabatic time-dependent Born-Oppenheimer model is approximated by a fictitious Newtonian dynamics in which the electrons, represented by a set of... 

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scatttering, or CARS as it is usually known, depends on the general phenomenon of wave mixing, as occurs, for example, in a frequency doubling crystal (see Section 9.1.6). In that case three-wave mixing occurs involving two incident waves of wavenumber v and the outgoing wave of wavenumber 2v. 

Adipic acid is shipped in quantities ranging from 22.7 kg (50-lb bags) to 90.9 t (200,000-lb hopper cars). Upon long standing, the soHd material tends to cake, dependent on such factors as initial particle size and moisture content. Shipping data in the United States are "Adipic Acid," DOT-ID ALT 9077, DOT Hazard Class ORM-E. It is regulated only in packages of 2.3 t (5,000 lb) or more (hopper cars and pressure-differential cars and tmcks) (157). 

Anhydrous ammonia is moved worldwide ia specially designed vessels, barges, rail cars, and tmcks. AH modes are covered by rigid safety restrictions (8). Ships and barges usuaHy employ refrigeration or semirefrigeration to maintain the Hquid, while rail cars and tmcks normally depend only on pressure... 

In dmmming and the filling of tank cars and tmcks, where the vessel is initially empty, the amount of material being transferred that could be released by displacement depends on how much evaporates during the filling. Rarely does a material evaporate so quickly that the entire volume of displaced gas is saturated. More likely the initial release at the start of filling contains only a small amount and the concentration increases toward saturation... 

Camphene Manufacture. Camphene (13) is produced by the reaction of a-pinene (8) with a Ti02 catalyst (80). Preparation of the catalyst has a great influence on the product composition and yield. Tricydene (14) is formed as a coproduct but it undergoes the same reactions as camphene thus the product is generally used as a mixture. They -menthadienes and dimers produced as by-products are easily removed by fractional distillation and the camphene has a melting poiat range of 36—52°C, depending on its purity. Camphene is shipped ia tank cars, deck tanks, and dmms. 

The most important bulk containers are railroad hopper cars, highway hopper trucks, portable bulk bins, van-type (ship) containers, barges, and ships. Factors determining the suit ihty of any of these containers (after establishing whether open or closed containers are to be used) depend on product physical properties, the most important of which are ease of flow, corrosiveness, and sensitivity to contamination. 

One of the principal reasons for failure due to reaction with the service environment is the relatively complex nature of the reactions involved. Y"et, in spite of all the complex corrosion jargon, whether a metal corrodes depends on the simple elec trochemical cell set up by the environment. This might give the erroneous impression that it is possible to calculate such things as the corrosion rate of a car fender in the spring mush of salted city streets. Dr. M. Pourbaix has done some excellent work in the application of thermodynamics to corrosion, but this cannot yet be applied direc tly to the average complex situation. 

While motor vehicles built today emit fewer pollutants (60% to 80% less, depending on the pollutant) than those built in the 1960s, cars and trucks still account for almost half the emissions of the ozone precursors VOCs and NO, and up to 90% of the CO emissions in urban areas. The principal reason for this problem is the rapid growth in the number of vehicles on the roadways and total miles driven. 

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