Deoxyribonucleic acid , double helical structure

The discovery of the base-paired, double-helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) provides the theoretic framework for determining how the information coded into DNA sequences is replicated and how these sequences direct the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins. Already clinical medicine has taken advantage of many of these discoveries, and the future promises much more. For example, the biochemistry of the nucleic acids is central to an understanding of virus-induced diseases, the immune re-sponse, the mechanism of action of drugs and antibiotics, and the spectrum of inherited diseases. 

The well-known double-helical structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is derived from the specificity of the Watson-Crick base pairing.154 Yanagawa and co-workers first addressed the issue of whether mononucleotide units could be... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid A nucleic acid containing a deoxygenated ribose sugar, having a double helical structure, and carrying genetic code in the nucleotide sequence. 

During the past half a century, fundamental scientific discoveries have been aided by the symmetry concept. They have played a role in the continuing quest for establishing the system of fundamental particles [7], It is an area where symmetry breaking has played as important a role as symmetry. The most important biological discovery since Darwin s theory of evolution was the double helical structure of the matter of heredity, DNA, by Francis Crick and James D. Watson (Figure 1-2) [8], In addition to the translational symmetry of helices (see, Chapter 8), the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid as a whole has C2 rotational symmetry in accordance with the complementary nature of its two antiparallel strands [9], The discovery of the double helix was as much a chemical discovery as it was important for biology, and lately, for the biomedical sciences. 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) a huge nucleotide polymer having a double-helical structure with complementary bases on the two strands. Its major functions are protein synthesis and the storage and transport of genetic information. (22.6) Desalination the removal of dissolved salts from an aqueous solution. (17.6)... 

When a cell divides, the genetic information is transmitted via deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which has a double helical structure... 

Nature itself is full of supramolecular systems, for example, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is made up from two strands which self-assemble via hydrogen bonds and aromatic stacking interactions to form the famous double helical structure (see Chapter 3, Section 3.2.4). The inspiration for many supramolecular species designed and developed by chemists has come from biological systems. 

Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries all the genetic information, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) controls the synthesis of proteins. The elucidation of the double helical structure of DNA is one of the major accomplishments in science in the twentieth century. 

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) a polymer with a double helical structure containing two sugar-phosphate chains with nitrogenous bases attached to them. The sequence of bases forms a code, which is used to form more DNA by replication or to encode mRNA (transcription), dot-and-cross diagram a diagram showing the... 

Fig. 5.14. The double helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). S, deoxyribose C, cytosine A, adenine ...

A second major area of biochemical importance concerns study of nucleotide polymerization to produce ribonucleic acids (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). Genes, the basis for inherited characteristics, are contained in DNA double-helical sections incorporated into coiled and supercoiled DNA structures. Genomics, the study of the total genetic assemblage of any species, is now a well-known topic to all, especially with the announcement of the sequencing of the human genome in 2001. More information on this topic is given in Section 2.3.6. 

Harry Compton Crick, American scientist and Nobelisi (1962), proposed that ihe molecular structure of DNA is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid and proteins lhistones and high-molecular-weight proteins . These researchers proposed that the molecular structure of DNA is a double spiral helical chain. James H. White. American mathematician, shared the 1962 Nobel Prize. 

James D. Watson (1928-) and Francis H. C. Crick (1916- ) publish two landmark papers in the journal Nature. The papers are entitled Molecular structure of nucleic acids a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid and Genetic implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid. Watson and Crick propose a double helical model for DNA and call attention to the genetic implications of their model. Their model is based, in part, on the x-ray crystallographic work of Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) and the biochemical work of Erwin Chargaff (1905- ). Their model explains how the genetic material is transmitted. 

The Information about how, when, and where to produce each kind of protein Is carried In the genetic material, a polymer called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The three-dimensional structure of DNA consists of two long helical strands that are colled around a common axis, forming a double belix. DNA strands are composed of monomers called nucleotides these often are referred to as bases because their structures contain cyclic organic bases (Chapter 4). 

James Watson and Erancis Crick proposed the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1952. Gathering a number of experimental findings on DNA, including x-ray diffraction patterns of DNA fibers, they proposed that DNA was a double-stranded helical molecule, with its hydrophobic bases occupying the interior of the molecule, and its hydrophilic... 

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