Deoxynivalenol vomitoxin

Chung, Y. J., Zhou H.R., and Pestka J.J. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional roles for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in upregulation of TNF-alpha expression by deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 193,188, 2003. 

Scott, P.M., Decline in deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) concentrations in 1983 Ontario winter wheat before harvest, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 48, 884, 1985. 

Rotter BA, Prelusky DB, Pestka JJ Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). J Toxicol Environ Health 1996 48 1-34. 

Prelusky, D. B., Trenholm, H. L., Lawrence, G. A., and Scott, P. M. (1984). Non-transmission of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) to milk following oral administration to dairy cows. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B B19,593-609. 

Post-column photolysis to give electroactive products has been used in the measurement of trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in... 

The trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), nivalenol and fusar-enon-X (Figure 7.2) have been measured in wheat extracts using HPLC with postcolumn photolysis (Hg vapour lamp, 2.3-3 min residence time) and ED (parallel GCEs, -I-1.10 V and -1-0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl). An ODS-modified silica analytical colunm was used with methanol-aq. sodium chloride (50 nrniol L ) (15 -I- 85) as eluent. LoDs were 1-2 ng on-column. 

King RR, McQueen RE, Levesque D, Greenhalgh R. Transformation of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) by rumen microorganisms. / Agric Food Chem. 1984 32 1181-1183. 

Of four basic trichothecene groups (A, B, C and D), types A and B represent the most important mycotoxins. Type A includes the T-2 toxin that can suppress the immune system and can cause damage to bone marrow. The T-2 toxin is about 14 times more toxic than the most widespread Fusarium-based type B mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), previously called vomitoxin. DON is a... 

Zhou, H. R., Yan D., and Pestka J.J. Differential cytokine mRNA expression in mice after oral exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) Dose response and time course. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 144, 294, 1997. 

Pestka, J. J., Yan D., and King L.E. Flow cytometric analysis of the effects of in vitro exposure to vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on apoptosis in murine T, B and IgA+ cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 32, 1125, 1994. 

Pestka, J. J. and Zhou H.R. Interleukin-6-deficient mice refractory to IgA dysregulation but not anorexia induction by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) ingestion. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38, 565, 2000. 

Li, S. et al. Modulation of transcription factor AP-1 activity in murine HL-4 thymoma cells by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 163, 17, 2000. 

Ouyang, Y. L., Li S., and Pestka J.J. Effects of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on transcription factor NF-kappa B/Rel binding activity in murine EL-4 thymoma and primary CD4+ T cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 140, 328, 1996. 

Wong, S., Schwartz R.C., and Pestka J.J. Superinduction of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in macrophages by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) modulated by mRNA stabilization. Toxicology 161, 139, 2001. 

Zhou, H. R. et al. Lipopolysaccharide and the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) synergistically induce apoptosis in murine lymphoid organs. Toxicol. Sci. 53, 253, 2000. 

Contamination occurs primarily in wheat, barley, rye, and maize. Type A trichothecenes include mainly T-2 toxin, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) mycotoxins of the group B include mainly 4-deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly known as vomitoxin, and nivalenol (NIV). Toxic effects include nausea, vomiting, visual disorder, vertigo, throat irritation, and feed refusal in farm animals. The most toxic is T-2, followed by DAS and NIV, with DON being the least toxic in acute toxicity studies but the most widespread in grains worldwide and therefore the most studied. Issues related to chemical and physical data, occurrence, toxicity, absorption, distribution, and metabolism of trichothecenes are reviewed in WHO (89) and IARC (34). Physicochemical data for some selected Fusarium toxins is given by Sydenham et al. (90). The molecular structures of the main trichothecenes are shown in Fig. 9. 

WL Childress, IS Krull, CM Selavka. Determination of deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) in wheat by high-performance liquid chromatography with photolysis and elecrochemical detection (HPLC-hv-EC). J Chrom Science 28 76-82, 1990. 

Warner, R.L., Brooks, K., Pestka, J.J. (1994). In vitro effects of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on T-cell interleukin production and IgA secretion. Food Chem. Toxicol. 32 617-25. 

The toxic efiects of the 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes are associated with the more highly oxidized members such as T-2 toxin (9.8) and vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) (9.6) together with their macrocychc esters. The symptoms of alimentary toxic aleukia in test animals (cats) were detected on administration of T-2 toxin at a level of 0.08 mg kg per day. Structure activity studies on T-2 toxin revealed a requirement for the presence of the 12,13-epoxide and the 9-ene. The compounds exert their activity by the inhibition of protein synthesis. The trichothecenes interfere with the peptidyl transferase in the ribosomes. 

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