Dental plaque gingivitis

An antimicrobial agent that reduces dental plaque and can be deUvered effectively from toothpaste is a combination of Triclosan [3380-34-5] (0.2% in the toothpaste) and zinc citrate (0.5%) (7). This agent influenced plaque accumulation and reduced the incidence of gingival bleeding in clinical tests. Additional dentifrices for improved gingival health are in the offing. 

Bacterial catabolism of oral food residue is probably responsible for a higher [NHj] in the oral cavity than in the rest of the respiratory tract.Ammonia, the by-product of oral bacterial protein catabolism and subsequent ureolysis, desorbs from the fluid lining the oral cavity to the airstream.. Saliva, gingival crevicular fluids, and dental plaque supply urea to oral bacteria and may themselves be sites of bacterial NH3 production, based on the presence of urease in each of these materials.Consequently, oral cavity fNTi3)4 is controlled by factors that influence bacterial protein catabolism and ureolysis. Such factors may include the pH of the surface lining fluid, bacterial nutrient sources (food residue on teeth or on buccal surfaces), saliva production, saliva pH, and the effects of oral surface temperature on bacterial metabolism and wall blood flow. The role of teeth, as structures that facilitate bacterial colonization and food entrapment, in augmenting [NH3J4 is unknown. 

The most common method of eliminating gingivitis is by the mechanical removal of the microorganisms found in dental plaque via toothbrush and floss. However, effective mechanical removal of plaque is a tedious, time-consuming process that is affected by an individual s gingival architecture, tooth position, dexterity, and motivation. Consequently, incomplete removal... 

THE ROLE OF SUPRAGINGIVAL DENTAL PLAQUE IN THE INITIATION OF GINGIVITIS ... 

L In most instances, dental plaque can cause erythema and gingival bleeding, but the gingival response can also be exacerbated by a variety of systemic conditions, including diabetes mellitus, leukemia, malnutrition, puberty and pregnancy. 

In dentistry, they are used for sterilization of certain instruments and prevention and treatment of dental plaque and peridental diseases. They are also used in root canal therapy (RCT), treatment of acute necrotizing gingivitis and other infective oral conditions. Antiseptics and disinfectants are also used as ingredient in various dentifrices. 

Mouthwashes are aqueous concentrated solutions containing one or more active ingredients and excipients. They are used by swishing the liquid in the oral cavity. Approximately 15-30 ml. of mouthwash are used for single mouthful of rinse for about a minute. Mouthwashes can be used for therapeutic and cosmetic purpose. Therapeutic mouthwashes are used to reduce plaque, dental caries, gingivitis and stomatitis while cosmetic mouthwashes are used to reduce bad breath and it contains used antimicrobial and/or flavoring agent. Mouthwashes other than used for cosmetic purpose, should only be used under the direction of physician/dentist since it contains certain medicines. 

Mouthwash is used to improve oral hygiene through the reduction and/or prevention of dental plaque and gingivitis. 

Both bisdiguanides, alexidine [458, 459] and chlorhexidine [456,457, 460-462] are antibacterials used in mouth washes to control the formation of dental plaque. Chlorhexidine is safe and effective for use in oral hygine [463], for example in the prevention or treatment of gingivitis [464]. The mechanism of its action against Clostridium perfringens is to disrupt the cell membranes and cause leakage of cytoplasmic material [465]. 

Dental plaque results when cariogenic bacteria aggregate in colonies on the surface of teeth and form a tenacious deposit thereon. The presence of plaque on teeth is believed to be a precursor to the development of gingivitis, dental caries, and periodontal disease. 

One of the most important problems of cell adhesion is dental plaque, which is formed when bacteria such as streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis adhere to tooth surfaces, causing decay (caries) and gum disease (gingivitis). Dental plaque can be removed by brushing or prevented by chemical additives, such as chlorhexidine, which kill the bacteria. Study of dental plaque is normally done on hydroxy apatite which is the main component of dental enamel. 

The fact that chlorhexidine, used as a mouthwash, discoloured the teeth, fillings and tongue, and could produce soreness of the mouth, was recorded in SED VIII. The substance has come more to the fore as a result of its promotion in the form of a gel for the removal of dental plaque as a meaits of treating chronic gingivitis. 

Periodontitis is a dental condition caused by bacteria where plaque-induced inflammatory changes affect the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone leading to loss of the periodontal structure and resorption of the alveolar bone. Periodontitis that, unlike gingivitis, is not reversible, tends to be chronic and requires referral. 

A lack of dental hygiene allows the plaque formation, causing gingivitis or inflammation caused by toxins produced by the bacteria. With time, the gum recedes, the fragile root dentine is exposed, and finally, the tooth will fall out. 

Dental Took. Many common dental tools are available for home use as part of a daily oral care routine. The most basic of dental tools is the toothbrush. Toothbrushes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and stiffness. Patient age and oral condition determine the best toothbrush for each individual. Toothbrushes usually consist of a plastic handle with nylon brisdes that remove food, bacteria, and plaque that can lead to tartar and dental caries. Toothpaste is usually added to a toothbrush to aid in cleaning the teeth and freshening the mouth. Toothpaste is available in a variety of flavors and compositions and may contain polishing or bleaching agents. Dental floss is another basic tool used to remove food and debris from between the teeth. Floss is available in waxed and unwaxed formulations and in a variety of widths and thicknesses. Mouthwash is a rinse that prevents gum disease. Mouthwash is available in many flavors, but all types reduce the number of germs in the mouth that cause gingivitis. 

Wennstrom J, Lindhe J 1984 Clinical effectiveness of a sanguinarine mouthrinse on plaque and gingivitis. Abstr Internat Assoc Dental Res. Internal Assoc Dent Res, Washington, D.C. p. ABSTR-481... 

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