Dental enamel, erosion

The corrosive effects of sulfuric acid on teeth with chronic exposure are well established." The damage, etching of dental enamel followed by erosion of enamel and dentine with loss of tooth substance, is limited to tbe parts of the teeth that are exposed to direct impingement of acid mist upon the surface. Although etching typically occurs after years of occupational exposure, in one case exposure to an average of 0.23mg/m for 4 months was sufficient to initiate erosion. ... 

Human studies and rodent experiments demonstrating the potential for CCM to reduce the risk of tooth enamel erosion are included in the patent of Andon et ah (1992). One experiment assessed rats provided with soft drink, soft drink with added CCM, or water as their only source of fluids for 21 days. Based on a predefined erosion scale, the average extent of dental erosion compared to the unfortified soft drink was 4.5 and sixfold less in water and soft drink + CCM, respectively. Another study used the Vickers hardness measurement to assess the mean ( SEM) reduction in surface hardness of human enamel specimens (n = 8 per group) immersed for 60 min in 15 ml of OJ (-101 8.7), OJ + CCM (0.9 5.8), grapefruit juice (-130 12.7), grapefruit juice + CCM (2.8 6.4), or... 

Rugg-Gunn, A. J., Maguire, A., Gordon, P. FI., McCabe, J. F., and Stephenson, G. (1998). Comparison of erosion of dental enamel by four drinks using an intra-oral device. Caries Res. 32,337-343. 

The vapor irritates the respiratory system and the eyes. The liquid burns skin swallowing results in internal irritation and damage. Chronic exposure may cause erosion of dental enamel, bronchitis, and eye irritation.1 TLV-TWA 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) TLV-STEL 15 ppm (37 mg/m3).16 LD50 (rat, oral) 3.53 g/kg.1... 

Dry mouth, with possible increased risk of enamel erosion and dental caries, has also been described (36). 

Acetic acid is corrosive to skin and gastric mucosa. Repetitive exposure to acetic acid may cause erosion of dental enamel, bronchitis, and eye irritation. Bronchopneumonia and pulmonary edema may develop following acute overexposure. LC50 in guinea pig and mouse by inhalation is 5000ppmh and LD50 in rat by oral route is 3.53 g kg... 

Weakness, lethargy, cachexia, amenorrhea, vomiting, restricted food intake, inappropriate exercise, delayed sexual development, edema, delayed gastric emptying, constipation, bradycardia, hypotension, osteoporosis, dry cracking skin, lanugo, callus on dorsum of hand, perioral dermatitis, erosion of dental enamel... 

A comprehensive assessment includes a description of psychiatric symptoms, physical findings, frequency and severity of binge/purge episodes, laxative and ipecac use, exercise patterns, and laboratory and ECG abnormalities. Interpersonal and relationship problems should also be evaluated. Some findings indicating a more chronic course of illness, such as salivary gland inflammation or erosion of dental enamel, may take months to reverse or may never normalize, hence these are not sensitive indicators of early treatment... 

I and G I tract, with vomiting, hemalemcsis. diarrhea, circulatory collapse, uremia, death Chronic exposure may cause erosion of dental enamel, bronchitis, eye irritation, cf. 

Vozza A, Ruocco V, Brenner S, Wolf R (1996) A case of contact pemphigus . Int J Dermatol 35 199-201 Westergaard J, Moe D, Pallesen U, Holmen L (1993) Exaggerated abrasion/erosion of human dental enamel surfaces a case report. Scand J Dent Res 101 265-269... 

The increasing trend in the consirmption of acidic soft drinks has led to the dissolution and softening of dental enamel, which is a phenomenon known as erosion. Recently a study has revealed that by the addition of food-approved pol5miers such as highly esterified pectin (1% w/w) to the citric acid solutions with a pH of typical soft drinks, the effect of citric acid on human dental enamel can be reduced [9], Similarly, interaction between the pectin coated liposome and dental enamel were also studied to find out the ability of the pectin-coated liposome to mimic the natural protective biofilm on the tooth surfaces. There were no aggregation tendencies for the pectin coated liposome and parotid saliva, which made them a promising device for the dental drug delivery. This ability of pectin-coated liposome to retain on the enamel surfaces also enhances their function as protective stmctures of the teeth [58]. 

Amaechi, B. T., Higham, S. M., and Edgar, W. M. (1999). Factors influencing the development of dental erosion in vitro Enamel type, temperature and exposure time. J. Oral. Rehab. 26, 624-630. 

The surfaces of the mouth are coated with a layer of salivary proteins known as the acquired pellicle, which provides a protective effect from both chemical and mechanical attacks to the tooth surface. The pellicle layer both moderates diffusion of ions away from the tooth surface, thus inhibiting the dissolution of enamel by erosion, and provides a lubricating layer to protect from mechanical attacks [10, 11], It is known that dental prophylaxis and the use of regular oral hygiene procedures are able to reduce or remove the pellicle layer. However, recent evidence has shown that the pellicle is able to re-form very rapidly and thus, maintain a protective layer over the tooth surface [10]. For this reason, tooth wear studies performed in vivo or in situ, where the mediating effects of pellicle are present, will give a much more realistic assessment of tooth wear than in vitro studies. For a more detailed discussion on the effects of pellicle, see chapter 2. 

Dental caries The erosion of enamel and deeper parts of teeth. 

Beyer, Markus, Joig Reichert, Erik Heurich, Klaus D. Jandt, Bemd W. Sigusch. Pectin, alginate and gum arabic polymers reduce citric acid erosion effects on human enamel. Dental Materials 26, no. 9 (2010), 831-839. 

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