Density bottle

Figure 9. A coated and uncoated 1-gallon, high density bottle under test for oxygen permeation inward. Copper and ammonia solution in the container are chemically influenced by entering oxygen, which provides a quantitative basis for the measurement.

The density of crystals can be determined by preparing a mixture of liquids (in which the crystals are insoluble ) such that the crystals neither float nor sink the crystals then have the same density as the liquid. The density of the liquid can be determined in the traditional way using a density bottle. 

Density per se is measured by weighing the sample in a volume-calibrated pycnometer or density bottle using, for example, the IUPAC standard method 2.101 (Paquot and Hautfenne, 1987). 

In density determination the volume of fluid, displaced by a known weight of powder, is determined. Since weight can be measured accurately, the problem is that of accurate determination of volume. With pyknometers (or density bottles) the fluid is a liquid, usually water with surfactant, unless the powder is water miscible. With gas pyknometers the fluid is usually dry air or helium. 

D(. = 4-48. The density was determined in a 2-ml. density bottle with a ground-glass cap this was loaded in a dry-box and carbon tetrachloride was the displacement fluid. Accurate... 

Measurement of density for swollen exchangers is easily determined in water using pyknometric or simple density bottle methods (see Box 4.8) whilst a non-swelling agent, for example octane, may be used for... 

Approximately 2-5 g of swollen resin is gently superficially dried on filter papers, transferred to the density bottle, and reweighed (/> g). 

The density is commonly determined by using a pycnometer, or density bottle (Fig. 1-1). Its volume is determined by filling it to the calibration mark with a suitable liquid (usually water or mercury) and determining the difference in weight between the full and empty vessel. The difference in weight divided by the known density of the... 

ISO 2781 also details a procedure (method B) for use when it is necessary to cut the sample into small pieces to avoid trapped air. as might happen with narrow bore tubing. The test piece comprises a number of small smooth pieces within the size 4mm X 4mm x 6mm. These are weighed in a density bottle both with and without the remaining space filled with water. The bottle is also weighed without rubber both empty and filled with water. This is a more tedious procedure than method A and is generally only used as a last resort. Even with the test piece cut up, trapped air can still be a problem. 

Polybutadiene Polypropylene bottles, blow molded squeeze Polyethylene, low-density bottles, break-resistant lonomer resin bottles, hydrofluoric acid Ceres n... 

The specific gravity of milk can be used to determine the total solids (TS) content and is usually measured by either a standard hydrometer or with a pycnometer (density bottle) after gentle mixing. The effect of different temperatures can be corrected using a table. The TS of the milk can be calculated if the fat content is known by using Richmond s formula ... 

Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid at a specified temperature. It is of interest in the calibration of volumetric meters, as a quality control method in de-terminir nutrient concentrations of liquid feeds and scmbber liquors, or in evaluating the storage and handling characteristics of a fluid fertilizer. Typical methods for measuring the density of a fluid fertilizer use either a density bottle (pycnometer) or a hydrometer. Figure... 

The main problem with the density bottle method was eliminating any air entrained on the fiber and many techniques were used to effect removal including centrifuging, the application of vacuum in a desiccator and ultrasonics. Another problem was that technicians tended to carry the filled density bottle by the neck and the warmth of their fingers was sufficient to expand the solvent, with immediate loss through the capillary stopper en-route to the balance room. The solution was to fold a filter paper and wrap around the density bottle neck, gripping the ends of the folded paper. 

For the physicochemical properties determinations, a PHS-3C precision pH meter supplied by the Shanghai Precision Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd was used to measure the pH of the equilibrium aqueous solutions (uncertainty of + 0.01). The pH meter was calibrated with standard buffer solutions of a mixed phosphate of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 6.84) as well as borax (pH 9.18) the densities (p) were measured with a density bottle method with an uncertainty of 0.2 mg.cm-3. The viscosities (tj) were determined using an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer, which was placed in a thermostat at (308.15 + 0.1) K No fewer than five flow times for each equilibrium liquid phase were measured with a stopwatch with an uncertainty of 0.1 s to record the flowing time, and the results calculated were the average. An Abbe refractometer (model WZS-1) was used for measuring the refractive index (no) with an uncertainty of 0.0001. The physicochemical parameters of density, refractive index and pH were also all placed in a thermostat that electronically controlled the set temperature at (308.15 + 0.1) K. 

Particle density is often determined by some sort of pycnometry. If a liquid is used as the pycnometric fluid, this is mostly done in a so-called density bottle , where the masses are determined of ... 

This study was carried out on 0-1.5 M vanadium (III) sulphate in three sets of sulphuric acid solutions containing 1.0,1.5 and 2.0 M acid. Measurements were made in the temperature range 20-40°C. The density of the vanadium solutions was calculated by measuring the weight of densify boffles containing a known volume of the vanadium solution. The volumes of the density bottles were determined precisely at different temperatures using deionised water. 

A technique once used by geologists to measure the density of a mineral is to mix two dense liquids in such proportions that the mineral grains just float. When a sample of the mixture in which the mineral calcite just floats is put in a special density bottle, the weight is 15.4448 g. When empty, the bottle weighs 12.4631 g, and when filled with water, it weighs 13.5441 g. What is the density of the calcite sample (All measurements were carried out at 25 °C, and the density of water at 25 °C is 0.9970 g/mL.)... 

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