Degree of parallelism

Finally, external numbering-up may be chosen for simple, practical reasons, if the degree of parallelism does involve only low numbers, e.g. not exceeding 10 devices. Developing an internally numbered-up device will demand development costs and time and, therefore, may be inefficient at a low degree of parallelism. Meanwhile, since micro reactors are available commercially and tentatively will become cheaper, the rapid availability of a small series of devices is no longer impossible. 

Fig. 16.2 Nanoscale optofluidic sensor arrays (NOSA). (a) 3D illustration of a NOSA sensing element. It consists of a ID photonic crystal microcavity, which is evanescently coupled to a Si waveguide, (b) The electric field profile for the fundamental TE mode propagating through an air clad Si waveguide on SiOi. (c) SEM of a NOSA device array. It illustrates how this architecture is capable of two dimensional multiplexing, thus affording a large degree of parallelism, (d) Actual NOSA chip with an aligned PDMS fluidic layer on top. Reprinted from Ref. 37 with permission. 2008 Optical Society of America...

In general, you should recall that the tensile strength and modulus of fibers must be much higher than that for plastics and their elongation must be much lower. Synthetic fibers are usually stretched and oriented uniaxially to increase their degree of parallel chains and increase their strength and modulus. 

The proximity and the degree of parallelism of the reacting double bonds are crucial for dimerization. Generally, the reactive double bonds are expected to be within 4.2 A and be parallel to each other. 

Much of the pioneering work in applying parallel processing to large problems in computational chemistry is due to Enrico Clementi and coworkers, and the development of the LCAP parallel processing systems (see Ref. 90 and the numerous references therein). The LCAP (loosely coupled array of processors) project commenced in 1983, with the stated aim of coupling readily available commercial processors to form a system that is not massively parallel, but rather is modular and can be expanded to match the degree of parallelism that a set of applications can support. 

Sato, Tanaka, and Yao also reported a parallel implementation of the AMBER MD module.The target machine, the APIOOO distributed-memory parallel computer developed at Fujitsu, consisted of up to 1024 processor elements connected with three different networks. To obtain a higher degree of parallelism and better load balance between processors, a particle division method was developed to randomly allocate particles to processors. Experiments showed that a problem with 41,095 atoms can be processed 226 times faster with a 512-processor APIOOO than by a single processor. 

The first system studied by these investigators was the adsorption of iodine at various coverages onto papyex (a large-area graphite material in which about half of the graphite basal planes lie within a few degrees of parallel... 

A very potent means of computation on computer chips of this scale would be to use them for quantum computing. Already in the microscopic world, and for a short time, multiple universes can occur for an event, and this promises an extraordinarily high degree of parallelism for extremely efficient computing. It unlikely to develop soon until a bottleneck problem called decoherence is overcome, in which these multiple universes collapse to one and give us the common sense world we see. With advances in quantum computing there will come smaller, more powerful computers and electronics that will allow appliances and other products to make intelligent decisions for us. But it is very difficult to establish a timeline 2010 2030 2050 ... 

Due to our scale-up studies, a sample amount in the range of 5 to 15 grams is considered as necessary to prepare a small-scale catalyst that represents sufficient characteristics and properties of a manufactured one, but still allows one to parallelize and accelerate the preparation. However, the degree of parallelization is limited due to this sample amount, but still a number of 4 to 30 catalysts per day, depending on the type of catalyst, can be prepared, which is completely in-line with the test capacities. 

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