Degradation hydrolysis

Endosulfan undergoes hydrolysis to endosulfan diol in surface water and groundwater. The rate of hydrolysis is influenced by pH. Half-life values reported in the literature vary somewhat. The chemical degradation of a- and P-endosulfan was studied under both anaerobic and aerobic environments. Under aerobic conditions, both hydrolysis and oxidation of endosulfan can occur, while under anaerobic conditions, only hydrolysis can occur. The hydrolytic half-lives for a- and P-endosulfan under anaerobic conditions at pH 7 were 35 and 37 days, respectively (Greve and Wit 1971). At pH 5.5 the half-lives were 151 and 187 days, respectively. Under aerobic conditions, the half-lives decreased. At pH 7, the half-lives of the chemical degradation (hydrolysis and oxidation) of both a- and P-endosulfan were 23 and 25 days, respectively, while at pH 5, the half-lives were 54 and 51 days, respectively. At T=20 and pHs of 5.5 and 8.0, the half-lives of a-endosulfan in distilled water were 11.3 and 5.3 days. 

Oxime carbamates are generally stable in aqueous solutions at pH 4-6. Their chemical degradation (hydrolysis) in water depends strongly on pH. Strongly basic conditions... 

First order rate constants are assumed for all degradative processes soil and water microbial degradation, hydrolysis, oxidation, photodegradation in air and water and any other mechanisms of transformation that may apply. The rate at which the chemical degrades will then be equal to the summation of the rate constants acting on the amount of chemical in each compartment summed over all compartments. 

Moisture levels are also expected to influence the degradation process of the silicone surfactants. The degradation of surfactants on soils and peat is known to increase with soil moisture content [61], and this will also be expected for the primary degradation (hydrolysis) of silicone surfactants. Further studies of these compounds under different... 

Pheromones in urine will suffer degradation, hydrolysis, oxidation, and ultraviolet radiation effects. For example, the (Z)-7-12-acetyl derivative in elephant urine will gradually hydrolyze (Rasmussen, 1988). In this case, the lipoprotein carriers of the elephant acetate may also determine the life time of the signal besides serving to filter and select odorants, confer specificity, and play a critical role in the transport and transfer of an active ligand to the vomeronasal organ (Rasmussen and Schulte, 1998). 

Amy lode xtrin is an intermediate product of acid degradation(hydrolysis) of starch. It is... 

Thus Rogovin and Shlakhover [81] performed a stepwise nitration applying mixed acids composed of nitric acid, acetic anhydride and acetic add. Nitrating mixtures of this composition do not bring about degradation, hydrolysis or oxidation of nitrocellulose during the nitration (see p. 344). Each additional nitration causes an increase of viscosity. The results are collected in Table 52. 

Proteins do not contain free amino acids, but they do contain chemically linked forms of amino acids, which on degradative hydrolysis can be reconverted to the free amino acid form. The molar mass lysine is 146, and we let M be the minimum molar mass of the protein. As in Problem 3.23, the protein molecule must be at least heavy enough to contain one lysine residue. 

The essential oil from star anise fruits traditionally is extracted by steam distillation. This process is not expensive but can induce thermal degradation, hydrolysis and water solubilization of some fragrance constituents (Reverchon, 1997). 

The formation of starch complexes with other polysaccharides is perhaps best evidenced by the sorption of starch on cellulose and its derivatives. This sorption is selective with respect to amylose and amylopectin.1065 1066 Cotton fibers selectively adsorb amylose and not amylopectin.1667-1071 However, this method cannot be used for starch fractionation because cotton was considered to induce degradation (hydrolysis).1067 On the other hand, a method of purifying amylopectin that involves sorption of amylose on defatted cellulose has been published.1072 Reversible adsorption of amylopectin on cellulose occurs when starch is equilibrated with urea in 32-35% ethanol. There are also published attempts to separate starch components on filter paper.1073-1076 The reverse idea is applied in the stabilization of nitrocellulose by its sorption on starch.1077... 

Degradation Hydrolysis of material Raw material inadequately dried water in material or barrel temperature too low... 

Atracurium (tracrium) Benzylisoquinoline Intermediate duration competitive 2-4 30-60 Hofmann degradation hydrolysis by plasma esterases renal elimination... 

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