Definite time delay

Some bursting explosive trains have the primer and detonator combined into one component. Such a device is known as primer-detonator. If a definite time delay in the... 

Undervoltage and overvoltage relays are often used on the generators to protect against prolonged overload, seen as undervoltage and excessive stress on insulation, seen as overvoltage. These relays are usually chosen with adjustable definite time delays. 

The star-point connection to earth is provided with a current transformer and a sensitive relay. The relay (51 G) is of a definite time delay or inverse time delay type so that it can be graded as back-up protection to earth fault relays at downstream feeders and consumers. 

Figure 3-8 is a plot of Ca, Cb, Cq, and Cd for a hypothetical system of the Scheme X type. An interesting feature is the time delay after the start of the reaction before the final product, D, appears in significant concentrations. This delay in product appearance is called an induction period or lagtime. In order to observe an induction period it is only necessary that the system include several relatively stable intermediates, so that the bulk of the material balance is temporarily stored in these prior forms. An experimental measurement of the induction period requires an arbitrary definition of its length. 

Fig. 8. The time delay versus Ec for the reaction F+HD(0,0) — D+HF(i/ = 2,j = 0) with J = 0. The time delay was computed using Wigner s definition.

The humic/organic matter coatings of different solid phases (i. e., SPm /SP0M), such as soils, sediments, suspended solids, colloids, and biocolloids/biosolids, interact with organic pollutants in aqueous systems in various ways. Adsorption is an important interaction mode. The reversibility and/or irreversibility of the adsorption processes is of major importance. The question whether the bound residues of pollutants are to be considered definitely inactivated has been the focus of extensive research. This question was posed as follows. Have the adsorbed pollutants become common components incorporated into the humic polymer coating of solid phases (i. e., being absorbed), or are they only momentarily inactivated in reversibly bound forms thus representing a possible source of pollution by a time-delayed release of toxic units ... 

In the above definitions, 9 represents a set of parameters of the system, having constant values. These parameters are also called control parameters. The set of the system s variables forms a representation space called the phase space [32]. A point in the phase space represents a unique state of the dynamic system. Thus, the evolution of the system in time is represented by a curve in the phase space called trajectory or orbit for the flow or the map, respectively. The number of variables needed to describe the system s state, which is the number of initial conditions needed to determine a unique trajectory, is the dimension of the system. There are also dynamic systems that have infinite dimension. In these cases, the processes are usually described by differential equations with partial derivatives or time-delay differential equations, which can be considered as a set of infinite in number ordinary differential equations. The fundamental property of the phase space is that trajectories can never intersect themselves or each other. The phase space is a valuable tool in dynamic systems analysis since it is easier to analyze the properties of a dynamic system by determining... 

In the military, delay fuses are complete shell fuses which set off the explosive charge a definite time after impact. 

As T is proportional to and independent of r, points f in a plane perpendicular to k have aU same time delay r with respect to f = 0 as they all have along k the same component (Figure 3.3). This is the definition of a plane wave that propagates at a constant velocity in the direction defined by k. For an electromagnetic wave, we have ... 

It is worthwhile to note that the field-molecule synchronizafion can be achieved by tuning the laser frequency and adjusfing its intensity. This means that a quantitative knowledge of 5 is not necessary. In particular, a two-pulse (UV + IR) scheme can be proposed with a given time delay. If an intense ultrashort UV pulse is turned on at a definite time to after the onset of the long IR pulse, it will instantaneously prepare well-aligned ions from H2 in its ground state. A variation of the frequency of fhe IR laser pulse would then allow the desired synchronization to occur [12]. 

The relationships between particle flux, trace element flux and trace element concentration in sediment are more complicated in deep lakes. In a deep lake, there may be a significant proportion of dissolved element held in the water column. If the water column dissolved element inventory approaches the magnitude of the annual flux for that element, then a steady state model is invalid. Instead, the dynamic model outlined in Figure 7 must be used to allow for the time delay in the response of the sediment to changes in trace element supply rate. The disadvantage of this, compared with the steady state sitnation, is that an observed trace element concentration profile does not lead back to a nniqne trace element supply history. However, a trace element snpply history does lead to a definite trace element concentration profile, so it is possible to see if any particular supply history is compatible with the observed concentration data. A practical example of this from Lake Baikal is shown in Boyle et al. (1998), where the exceptional water depth makes this effect particularly strong. 

In Eq. (20.3) a is the constant gain or attenuation and z is the time delay in passing through the system. With this definition, H f), the Fourier transforms of the ideal filter impulse response and Y(f), the filter output are given by, respectively. 

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