Decontamination animal models

Runyon BA, Borzio M, Young S, Squier SU, Guarner C, Runyon MA Effect of selective intestinal decontamination with norfloxacin on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, translocation, and survival in an animal model of cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995,21 1719-1724. 

A number of animal models and strategies have been used to develop antidotes against the toxicity of SM but none is as successfiil as decontamination. Decontamination is the best known way to cure or prevent SM-induced toxicity. So far, many decontaminants have been reported but only chlor-amides and Fuller s earth are to be recommended because of... 

There are many different animal models that have been used to assess the percutaneous absorption of toxic chemicals. There is little question that while in vivo human studies are best for predicting the absorption of percutaneous applied chemical warfare agents, ethics preclude conducting such studies. Rats have been widely used in the study of skin contamination, wounds, and healing and the efficacy of different decontamination modalities (Wester and Maibach, 2000 Shah et al, 1987 Baynes et al., 1997). 

Animals need to be bathed with copious amounts of soap and water. If dermal decontamination is not implemented quickly, mustard will react with the skin and cannot be easily removed (Sidell et al, 1997). Sodium thiosulfate (2.5% solution) can be used dermally to neutralize mustard exposures (Garigan, 1996). Animals may also be bathed with dilute (0.5%) hypochlorite solutions (Borak and Sidell, 1992). Monitor for dermal bums. Secondary infection is common. Topical silver sulfadiazine can be applied to all bums and an Ehzabethan collar placed to decrease ingestion of the ointment and self trauma. Topically applied dexa-methasone and diclofenac reduced inflammation in a mouse model when applied within 4 h (Dachir et al, 2004). All equine and ovine patients should be inoculated with tetanus toxoid. Vaccination of other species should be determined on a case by case basis. 

The mixture was tested in the guinea pig model, where fur was shaved on the side of the animal one day before exposing the skin of the anesthetized animals to neat GD or VX (Lukey et al, 2004). The animals were decontaminated 1 min later with sterile gauze soaked in the combined solution in a defined manner the contaminated side was wiped across the exposure site in the direction of the shaved... 

Hui X, Lamel S, Qiao P, Maibach HI. Isolated human/animal stratum comeum as a partial model for 15 steps in percutaneous absorption emphasizing decontamination, Part 1. J Appl Toxicol. 2013 33 157-72. 

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