Decomposition products of ammonium

Uytterhoeven, Christner, and Hall, in an elegant study of the thermal decomposition products of ammonium zeolite Y, proposed a scheme to explain the loss of chemical water from the hydrogen form of the zeolite (IS). 

The Three General Thermal Decomposition Products of Ammonium Zeolite Y... 

M. Ogawa consider this compound as a mixture of the decomposition products of ammonium amidosulphinate and M. Schumann considers it is possibly ammonium, nitribmlphite, N(S02NH4)3. 

Pyrotechnic mixtures may also contain additional components that are added to modify the bum rate, enhance the pyrotechnic effect, or serve as a binder to maintain the homogeneity of the blended mixture and provide mechanical strength when the composition is pressed or consoHdated into a tube or other container. These additional components may also function as oxidizers or fuels in the composition, and it can be anticipated that the heat output, bum rate, and ignition sensitivity may all be affected by the addition of another component to a pyrotechnic composition. An example of an additional component is the use of a catalyst, such as iron oxide, to enhance the decomposition rate of ammonium perchlorate. Diatomaceous earth or coarse sawdust may be used to slow up the bum rate of a composition, or magnesium carbonate (an acid neutralizer) may be added to help stabilize mixtures that contain an acid-sensitive component such as potassium chlorate. Binders include such materials as dextrin (partially hydrolyzed starch), various gums, and assorted polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), epoxies, and polyesters. Polybutadiene mbber binders are widely used as fuels and binders in the soHd propellant industry. The production of colored flames is enhanced by the presence of chlorine atoms in the pyrotechnic flame, so chlorine donors such as poly(vinyl chloride) or chlorinated mbber are often added to color-producing compositions, where they also serve as fuels. 

Methylsuccinic acid has been prepared by the pyrolysis of tartaric acid from 1,2-dibromopropane or allyl halides by the action of potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis by reduction of itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids by hydrolysis of ketovalerolactonecarboxylic acid by decarboxylation of 1,1,2-propane tricarboxylic acid by oxidation of /3-methylcyclo-hexanone by fusion of gamboge with alkali by hydrog. nation and condensation of sodium lactate over nickel oxide from acetoacetic ester by successive alkylation with a methyl halide and a monohaloacetic ester by hydrolysis of oi-methyl-o -oxalosuccinic ester or a-methyl-a -acetosuccinic ester by action of hot, concentrated potassium hydroxide upon methyl-succinaldehyde dioxime from the ammonium salt of a-methyl-butyric acid by oxidation with. hydrogen peroxide from /9-methyllevulinic acid by oxidation with dilute nitric acid or hypobromite from /J-methyladipic acid and from the decomposition products of glyceric acid and pyruvic acid. The method described above is a modification of that of Higginbotham and Lapworth. ... 

These salts are formed from dilute ammoniacal solutions of cobaltous salts in air, or by heating aquo-pentammino-salts with ammonia. Frequently they are obtained as decomposition products of acido-pentammino-salts. They may be obtained directly from the corresponding cobaltous salt by heating with excess of ammonia and ammonium chloride,2 or from the corresponding ammonium salt by addition of lead peroxide to the aqueous solution. 

As would be expected from a substance of this nature, water causes rapid decomposition into sulphuric acid and the decomposition products of nitrous acid, whilst sulphuric acid dissolves the substance with formation of nitrosulphonic acid, which crystallises on cooling. With sulphur trioxide the anhydride yields a stable complex of composition 2(S2N209).S03.1 Gaseous ammonia causes the anhydride to melt and decompose slowly with formation of nitrogen and ammonium hydrogen sulphate ... 

The normal carbonate is a decomposition-product of urine,11 and plays an important part in the nitrification of ammonia and ammonium salts in the soil.12... 

Just as metal oxides can be used as catalysts for converting ammonium sulfate to metal sulfate, metal sulfates can also be employed for converting ammonium sulfate to ammonium pyrosulfate (( 114)28207)). Sulfur dioxide and oxygen are products of ammonium pyrosulfate decomposition. Thus, a second class of modified S-NH3 TCWSCs based on the M2S2O7-NH3 can be devised as follows ... 

In the vapor-phase ammonia-injection process, water (or steam) and gaseous ammonia are injected into the stack gas while the gas is at some temperature (>160°F) above the decomposition temperatiure of ammonium sulfite, the principal product (140° to 158°F) (2). After the water is vaporized and the reactants are thoroughly mixed, the gas is cooled below 140°F and the finely divided salt particles separate from the gas as a smoke or fume dp = 0.01-1.0/un). The entrained solids, salt particles, and fly ash are then recovered concurrently. 

Ammonia and Ammonium Salts.—Ammonia, NHg, is a decomposition product of organic matter, resulting either from its destructive distillation or from its putrefaction and decay. 

Yellow, lustrous almost odorless, orthorhombic crystals when fresh. Undergoes a reversible, exothermic transition at 63 mp 99 (dec), d 0 1,451. Sol in water. Decomposes in air, and is then no longer clearly sol acquires an odor of HjS the decomposition products contain ammonium thiocyanate, ammonium sulfide, etc. Keep in tightly closed bottles. 

The best known of these is the ozonation of tertiary amines to amine oxides (II) (i). Henbest and Stratford (11) and Shulman (17) have shown that competing with this is an ozone attack on the alpha position of an alkyl side chain to produce various decomposition products of III. Henbest (11) showed that amine oxide formation is favored in chloroform and methanol, while side chain oxidation is predominant in hydrocarbon solvents. Also of considerable interest are the reported conversions, during ozonation, of phenylenediamines to Wursters salts (VII) (8, 14), of liquid ammonia to ammonium ozonate (VA) at a low temperature 18), and of amines to amine hydrochlorides (VB) in chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents 17, 19), Finally, an early report states that azobenzene and quinone are obtained upon ozonation of aniline (15). 

SYNTHESIS To a solution of 45 g 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde in 1.2 L IPA, there was added 125 g nitropropane and 67.5 g t-butylammonium acetate and the reaction mixture was held at reflux for 16 h. This was poured into 6 L H20, and extracted with 2x250 ml hexane. The pooled extracts were stripped of solvent under vacuum giving a residue that slowly set to a crystalline mass. On filtering, there was obtained 9.4 g of a crude yellow product which, on recrystallization from hexane provided 8.7 g of slightly sticky bright yellow crystals of 2-nitro-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)butene-1, with a mp of 71-73 °C. A second recrystallization from hexane gave fine yellow crystals with a mp of 72-73 °C. Attempts at the preparation of this nitrostyrene by the more conventional methods with ammonium acetate in acetic acid led either to the formation of a white product C23H30N2O8 which was composed of a molecule of the nitrostyrene, one of the benzaldehyde itself, and a molecule of ammonia, or to 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzonitrile, from reaction with the decomposition products of nitropropane. 

A second recrystallization from hexane gave fine yellow crystals with a mp of 72-73 deg C. Attempts at the preparation of this nitrostyrene by the more conventional methods with ammonium acetate in acetic acid led either to the formation of a white product C23H30N2O8 which was composed of a molecule of the nitrostyrene, one of the benzaldehyde itself, and a molecule of ammonia, or to 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzonitrile, from reaction with the decomposition products of nitropropane. 

Grinding of iron oxalate with NH4-Y zeolite should result in the Fe(ll) and, if oxydation by oxygen occurs, in the Fe(lll) form of Y zeolite and ammonium oxalate. Since CO is formed as decomposition product of the latter compound, secondary reactions between this strong reducing agent and iron species may also occur. 

Zunz has made similar observations in the case of albumoses. As is well known albumoses are decomposition products of e albumin and are produced dirring digestion. They are more closely related to albumin than are the peptones, and manifest great differences in diffusion in that primary albumoses diffuse with difficulty while the secondary albumoses diffuse easily. The primary albumoses are more easily precipitated by ammonium sulfate than are the secondary. To the primary albumoses belong heteroalbumoses soluble only in dilute salt solutions, protalbumoses soluble in pure water, and synalbumoses. The gold numbers found by Zunz for the three decomposition products are as follows ... 

From the thermal decomposition of mono- and dihydrazinium phosphates it appears that both salts decompose through the intermediate formation of N2H5HP2O6 leading to metaphosphoric acid. Further, their decomposition patterns follow the corresponding decomposition pattern of ammonium salts. However, hydrazinium phosphate salts are of interest as superior flame retardants because of the hydrophilic nature or hygroscopic property of the hydrazinium ion. This supports dehydration more efficiently and limits the production of hydrocarbon gases, thereby promoting flame retardancy (see Chapter 6, Section 6.2.4). 

The method of hydrolysis depends on the nature of the product. It is usually sufficient to add dilute sulphuric acid to the ethereal solution and to shake thoroughly, when the magnesium enters the aqueous solution, whilst the organic compound remains in the ether. Alternatively, however, the ethereal solution may be poured on to ice and water, and then treated with dilute sulphuric acid. Should the product be affected by this acid, the hydrolysis can be carried out with an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride. In the following examples the hydrolysis is usually shown as a simple double decomposition... 

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