Decimation factor

We multiply a decimal by a whole number in a way similar to the way in which we multiply two whole numbers. We line up our columns, multiply, and carry, but when we are finished, our product has the same number of decimal places as the decimal factor. 

Before multiplying, we count the number of places to the right of the decimal point in the decimal factor. In this problem, the decimal factor 1.2 has one place to the right of the decimal point. That means that our answer will have one place to the right of the decimal point. Now we are ready to multiply ... 

The decimal factor has one digit to the right of the decimal point, so our answer will have one digit to the right of the decimal point ... 

Pressure is defined as force per unit of area. The International System of Units (SI) pressure unit is the pascal (Pa), defined as 1.0 N /m. Conversion factors from non-SI units to pascal are given in Table 1 (see also Units and conversion factors front matter). An asterisk after the sixth decimal place indicates that the conversion factor is exact and all subsequent digits are 2ero. Relationships that are not followed by an asterisk are either the results of physical measurements or are only approximate. The factors are written as numbers greater than 1 and less than 10, with 6 or fewer decimal places (1). 

The conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than 10, with six or fewer decimal places. The number is followed by E (for exponent), a plus or minus symbol, and two digits which indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiphed to obtain the correct value. Eor example ... 

An asterisk ( ) after the sixth decimal place indicates that the conversion factor is exact and that all subsequent digits are zero. Where fewer than six decimal places are shown, more precision is not warranted. 

If money is borrowed, interest must be paid over the time period if money is loaned out, interest income is expected to accumulate. In other words, there is a time value associated with the money. Before money flows from different years can be combined, a compound interest factor must be employed to translate all of the flows to a common present time. The present is arbitrarily assumed often it is either the beginning of the venture or start of production. If future flows are translated backward toward the present, the discount factor is of the form (1 + i) , where i is the annual discount rate in decimal form (10% = 0.10) and n is the number of years involved in the translation. If past flows are translated in a forward direction, a factor of the same form is used, except that the exponent is positive. Discounting of the cash flows gives equivalent flows at a common time point and provides for the cost of capital. 

This chapter has discussed some of the factors that may affect equipment reliability and necessitate data adjustment. At this time, little documented assistance is available to help develop these data adjustments. It may be necessary to get help from experts in some situations. Lastly, failure rates are often reported to several decimal places, a precision frequently unwarranted by the data. It is suggested that only the failure rate s first significant number and associated exponential power be used. 

A-l Alphabetical Conversion Factors, 416 A-2 Physical Property Conversion Factors, 423 A-3 Synchronous Speeds, 426 A-4 Conversion Factors, 427 A-5 Temperature Conversion, 429 A-6 Altitude and Atmospheric Pressures, 430 A-7 Vapor Pressure Curves, 431 A-8 Pressure Conversion Chart, 432 A-9 Vacuum Conversion, 433 A-10 Decimal and Millimeter Equivalents of Fractions,... 

Scale factors, used with D, E, F, and G specifiers to shift the decimal... 

The cash flow expected for each period Is discounted by the factor for the rate of Interest chosen and the number of periods In which the cash flows will occur. The number of periods Is calculated from the commencement of the capital expenditure. The factors are arrived at from the formula 1/(1 + /)", where i Is the rate of Interest expressed as a decimal and n Is the number of periods. In reality, the factors assume that the cash flow passes on the last day of each period but can be adopted where the flow Is roughly even throughout the period. 

Scientific measurements are expressed in the metric system. As you know, this is a decimal-based system in which all of the units of a particular quantity are related to one another by factors of 10. The more common prefixes used to express these factors are listed in Table 1.2 (page 7). 

Note that a number of complicating factors have been left out for clarity For instance, in the EMF equation, activities instead of concentrations should be used. Activities are related to concentrations by a multiplicative activity coefficient that itself is sensitive to the concentrations of all ions in the solution. The reference electrode necessary to close the circuit also generates a (diffusion) potential that is a complex function of activities and ion mobilities. Furthermore, the slope S of the electrode function is an experimentally determined parameter subject to error. The essential point, though, is that the DVM-clipped voltages appear in the exponent and that cheap equipment extracts a heavy price in terms of accuracy and precision (viz. quantization noise such an instrument typically displays the result in a 1 mV, 0.1 mV, 0.01 mV, or 0.001 mV format a two-decimal instrument clips a 345.678. .. mV result to 345.67 mV, that is it does not round up ... 78 to ... 8 ). 

Now we are ready to make one step forward and discuss some aspects of interpretation for real conditions when the gravitational field is measured with some error that is, the numbers that describe the field are accurate to only some decimal places. This is a fundamental difference from the previous case where we assumed that the field generated by masses of some body is known exactly. The presence of error is caused by the two following factors, and these are... 

One way to determine the common factor of which all 13 numbers are multiples is to first divide all of them by the smallest. The ratios thus obtained may either be integers or they may be rational numbers whose decimal equivalents are easy to recognize. 

Decie(n)s ten times ten decimate (i.e. to kill 1 in 10) decimal deci (symbol d) factor of 10 decimetre (= metre -j- 10)... 

Note Because of rounding off involved in multiple factor to three decimal places, 200.04 mg of the mixture is required instead of the anticipated 200 mg. Moreover, 200.04 mg can be rounded off to 200 mg. 

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