Data types ordinal

As we shall see later the data type to a large extent determines the class of statistical tests that we undertake. Commonly for continuous data we use the t-tests and their extensions analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. For binary, categorical and ordinal data we use the class of chi-square tests (Pearson chi-square for categorical data and the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square for ordinal data) and their extension, logistic regression. 

There are further links across the data types. For example, from time to time we group continuous, score or count data into ordered categories and analyse using techniques for ordinal data. For example, in a smoking cessation study we may reduce the basic data on cigarette consumption to just four groups (Table 1.2). accepting that there is little reliable information beyond that. 

Figure 7. Results of pyro-GC-MS analysis of pre- C labeled, organic amended soils, plotted against data on ordinate from Figure 4 (total metals leached over 299 days). The abscissa is the net change (arbitrary units) of the OM parameter over 299 days. Abundance refers to the total Ugnic or polysaccharidic (PS) OM. Tncorporation is the displacement of C from an OM type, effectively constituent turnover. Data along a horizontal line are from a given treatment,...

Internally, GEMINI uses a rich set of data types with well-defined relationships which can include redundancy or ambiguity. Such information includes atomic number, connectivity, bond order, chirality, charge, co-ordinates, etc. Fortunately, there are very few different representations that are used for each kind of information, and algorithms are readily available for their interconversion. 

The first step in the creation of a new data type is the definition of the data structure for the type. In Cousin, structures are stored in a typical connection table format with atom and bond counts, and fists of atom and bond attributes. Atom attributes include atom type, co-ordinates, charge, isotope, and attached hydrogen count. Bond attributes are bond type and connecting atom numbers. 

In order to define an accident database, we have to specify the types of facts or data elements to be included in each accident or near-accident record. We also have to specify a data type for each element. This tells us whether the data is coded according to a nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scale or stored in free text. Both these specifications are included in the so-called database definition. Each data element and its associated data-type specification are... 

The quantitative data obtained from the LFQ, MSLQ and CSUQ qnestionnaires were in the ordinal scale, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. In these data types, we can say that 2 is greater than 1 and 3 is greater than 2, but the numbers just represent an order and their specific values have no meaning. For example, the scale can also be represented by the letters a, b, c. .. Therefore, the reliability (internal consistency) of a ordinal data set is measnred by the Ordinal Alpha coefficient, which replaces the Cronbach s Alpha coefficient, often used as a measure of reliability for continuous data [29, 30]... 

The first step is the collection of data showing corresponding values of the variables under consideration. From a scatter diagram, a plot of Y (ordinate) versus X (abscissa), it is often possible to visualize a smooth curve approximating the data. For purposes of reference, several types of approximating curves and their equations are listed. All letters other than X and Yrepresent constants. 

A very useful format in which to display air quality data for analysis is that of Fig. 4-8, which has as its abscissa averaging time expressed in two different time units and, as its ordinate, concentration of the pollutant at the receptor. This type of chart is called an arrowhead chart and includes enough information to characterize fully the variability of concentration at the receptor. 

Where a large collection of data exists then it may be effectively condensed in the form of diagrams. A popular method is the use of iso-corrosion rates plotted on co-ordinates of temperature and concentration for one material and one chemical. Because of the large amount of data on the common acids there are many examples of this type of diagram, e.g. the work of Berg who has chosen metals and alloys that are readily available. He has excluded many metals and alloys on the grounds that they are either Non-resistant or can be substituted by cheaper materials. ... 

FIGURE 2.2 Binding and dose-response curves for human calcitonin on human calcitonin receptors type 2. (a) Dose-response curves for microphysiometry responses to human calcitonin in HEK cells (open circles) and binding in membranes from HEK cells (displacement of [,25I]-human calcitonin). Data from [1]. (b) Regression of microphysiometry responses to human calcitonin (ordinates) upon human calcitonin fractional receptor occupancy (abscissae). Dotted line shows a direct correlation between receptor occupancy and cellular response. 

FIGURE 3.12 Dependence of constitutive receptor activity as ordinates (expressed as a percent of the maximal response to a full agonist for each receptor) versus magnitude of receptor expression (expressed as the amount of human cDNA used for transient transfection, logarithmic scale) in Xenopus laevis melanophores. Data shown for human chemokine CCR5 receptors (open circles), chemokine CXCR receptors (filled triangles), neuropeptide Y type 1 receptors (filled diamonds), neuropeptide Y type 2 receptors (open squares), and neuropeptide Y type 4 receptors (open inverted triangles). Data recalculated and redrawn from [27],... 

The conventional control chart is a graph having a time axis (abscissa) consisting of a simple raster, such as that provided by graph or ruled stationary paper, and a measurement axis (ordinate) scaled to provide six to eight standard deviations centered on the process mean. Overall standard deviations are used that include the variability of the process and the analytical uncertainty. (See Fig. 1.8.) Two limits are incorporated the outer set of limits corresponds to the process specifications and the inner one to warning or action levels for in-house use. Control charts are plotted for two types of data ... 

The Hammett equation is the best-known and most widely studied of the various linear free energy relations for correlating reaction rate and equilibrium constant data. It was first proposed to correlate the rate constants and equilibrium constants for the side chain reactions of para and meta substituted benzene derivatives. Hammett (37-39) noted that for a large number of reactions of these compounds plots of log k (or log K) for one reaction versus log k (or log K) for a second reaction of the corresponding member of a series of such derivatives was reasonably linear. Figure 7.5 is a plot of this type involving the ionization constants for phenylacetic acid derivatives and for benzoic acid derivatives. The point labeled p-Cl has for its ordinate log Ka for p-chlorophenylacetic acid and for its abscissa log Ka for p-chloroben-zoic acid. The points approximate a straight line, which can be expressed as... 

Complexes of the type [PdX L] (X = Cl, Br, I, or SCN) and PdL Y (Y = Cl, Br, I, SCN, or CIO ) have been prepared with the hybrid ligands (68)—(70). I.r. data confirm that the [PdX2L] compounds are square-planar with bidentate L. However, depending on the nature of Y, the PdL Yj species exhibit a variety of four-, five-, and six-co-ordinate forms containing both bidentate and unidentate (As bonded) hybrid ligands. ... 

Investigations of the vibrational spectra of spinels of the II—III type 177) and L1YX408 type 178), which are not built up of discrete units, have also been reported. In normal cubic II—III spinels four bands are observed in the IR spectrum, as predicted by theory 177). The analysis of the spectra for solid solutions as well as isotopic data indicate that vi and V2 correspond roughly to the vibrations of the octahedrally co-ordinated trivalent cation. In comparison, vs and Vi cor-... 

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