Data processing procedure

Fig. 6. Data processing procedures used for preparation of absolute or phase-sensitive mode...

Symmetry relationship of cross peak locations has been used for improving the quality of correlation spectra for quite a long time in NMR spectroscopy both for diagonally [21] and laterally symmetric spectra [22]. Such data processing procedures have their advantage but may introduce artifacts and remove real information and therefore should be used with caution [10]. 2Q-HoMQC spectra can be symmetrized directly using the appropriate symmetry function [33], but most commercial software do not provide such option. Also, fine structure of the direct correlation peaks in 2Q-H0MQC spectra is antisymmetric in the SQ dimension which requires extra attention. 

Anyway, using data from different instruments increases the experimental effort, time, and costs of analysis. For this reason, although fusion is always an elegant data-processing procedure, for practical applications the real benefit/cost balance should be carefully evaluated. 

Computer programs accounted for the presence of oil drops below- the detection limit of the Coulter Counter. The data processing procedure, which assumed that the oil-drop size distribution was lognormal, yielded accurate estimates of the true mean and standard deviation describing the emulsion drop size distribution. The data-analysis procedure did not affect the actual measured drop populations which were used in the kinetic studies. The computer programs are described in detail by Bycscda.8... 

The velocity vectors of the liquid phase and bubbles are accurately detected after the abovementioned data-processing procedures, so that the characteristics of turbulence in a channel flow modified by microbubbles injection and the bubble-turbulence interactions are able to be explored statistically (Kitagawa et al., 2005). 

A new data processing procedure was applied to the visibility measurements made in a furnace under burning conditions and without the double probe (Ref.13). This procedure has the capability of determining size distributions also with non monotonic V(d) curves. 

To monitor the progress of the reconstruction, the resolution test would be performed as a function of particle numbers. As shown in Fig. 6, the resolution would be expected to improve as the number of particles increases. Thus such a plot could allow the prediction of the number of particles needed to achieve a certain resolution. The required number of particles varied somewhat in practice (Table I), probably because of variations in the robustness of icosahedral symmetry in the particle, the image quality, as well as the effectiveness of the data processing procedures used. It should be pointed out that the FSC should approach unity at low resolution and generally decrease rapidly closer to the resolution limit for perfectly icosahedrally ordered particles. The presence... 

The nitrogen isotherms discussed in this paper were determined on two representative porous carbons with the aid of commercial automated equipment and the manufacturer s software was used for the pore structure analysis. This approach has provided a basis for a critical appraisal of a number of readily available data processing procedures. 

The next step is to consider which of the available data processing procedures would appear to be the most suitable for the quantitative interpretation of the two isotherms. As is well... 

It should be pointed out that, in good part because of the use of large off-axis mirrors, optical aberrations can lead to significant curvature of the images under certain instrumental configurations. This has a detrimental impact on spectral resolution when multiple rows are birmed. Pelletier et al. have reported a data processing procedure to minimize this effect for situations where experimental limitations prevent improving the optical set-up [9]. In future commercial... 

The wider use of sophisticated data processing procedures which enhance the information content or quality of spectra. 

Wei, R. P., Wei, W., and Miller, G. A., Effect of Measurement Precision and Data-Processing Procedures on Variability in Eatigue-Crack Growth Rate Data, J. of Testing Evaluation, JTEVA, 7, 2 (1979), 90-95. 

Baseline drift correction is an indispensable part of a good chromatographic data processing procedure. The following questions have to be answered ... 

Data handling (e.g., access control, data security/integrity, GxP compliance of data entries and edits, data processing procedures. Disaster Recovery/Contingency Plans, archiving and retrieval of data)... 

In order to illustrate the application of the standard addition method and of the subsequent data processing procedure, let consider the mixture of salicylic acid, caffeine and acetaminophen, discussed in a previous example. The aim is to determine the concentrations of the three chemical components. Table 2 includes the modifications of the component concentrations (5 modifications are performed) and the absorbances both for the original solution (where concentrations have not been modified) and for the five solutions in which the three chemical components have been modified. All absorbance values are read at the same set of 18 wavelengths (A = 18). 

A review gives an overview of analysis of metabolites in neural systems by MRS technologies, especially brain, and the application of the NMR imaging to diagnosis. The NMR measurement of the substances that could be used as metabolic markers such as phosphates and choline was also described. Proton NMR, P-NMR and C-NMR spectrometry and the data processing procedures in these analyses were discussed. 

The second part is mostly addressed to the practical engineer giving after some general remarks (Chap. 9) numerous examples of AET to applications including AE in concrete (Chap. 10), rock (Chap. 11) and wood (Chap. 12). These are followed by ch ters dealing with superstmctures (Chap. 13) and substmctures (Chap. 14). Since the use of cables limits sometimes the number of successfid AE applications. Chap. 15 describes AE methods based on wireless sensor networks. Wireless techniques demand a new class of data processing procedures that are called array techniques as sirmmarized. 

Both the net rate of production and the reaction rate are used in many further data processing procedures, such as the determination of rate coefficients k, pre-exponential factors ko, activation energies kinetic orders, and so on. The definitions of these rates have to be carefully distinguished. The net rate of production of a component is an experimentally observed characteristic. It is the change of the number of moles of a component per unit volume of reactor (or catalyst surface, volume, or mass) per unit time. The reaction rate r can be introduced only after a reaetion equation has been assumed with the corresponding stoichiometric coefficients. Then, the value of the reaction rate can be calculated based on the assumed stoichiometrie reaction equation. This is an important conceptual difference between the experimentally observed net rate of production and the calculated reaction rate, whieh is a result of our interpretation. The main methodologieal lesson is Do not mix experimental measurements and their interpretation. 

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