Data acquisition and

In summary, exploration activities require the integration of different techniques and disciplines. Clear definition of survey objectives is needed. When planning and executing an exploration campaign the duration of data acquisition and interpretation has to be taken into account. 

The system is equipped with an DEC- Alpha Station running at 400 MHz. Therefore the time for image reconstruction is not important compared to the time for data acquisition and preparation of the sample. 

For several years, the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) has developed modelling tools for ultrasonic NDT configurations. Implemented within the CIVA software for multiple technique NDT data acquisition and processing [1,2], these models are not only devoted to laboratory uses but also dedicated to ultrasonic operators without special training in simulation techniques. This approach has led us to develop approximate models carrying out the compromise between as accurate as possible quantitative predictions and simplicity, speed and intensive use in an industrial context. 

This paper describes the procedure generation, data acquisition and data visualisation functions of the CantuS system. 

Confocal microscopy requires serial data acquisition and processing and hence comprises a complete system whose cost exceeds that of a conventional microscope. 

Guidelines for Data Acquisition and Data Quality Control Evaluation in Environmental Chemistry, Ana/. Chem. 1980, 52, 2242-2249. 

With the availability of computerized data acquisition and storage it is possible to build database libraries of standard reference spectra. When a spectrum of an unknown compound is obtained, its identity can often be determined by searching through a library of reference spectra. This process is known as spectral searching. Comparisons are made by an algorithm that calculates the cumulative difference between the absorbances of the sample and reference spectra. For example, one simple algorithm uses the following equation... 

In another type of measurement, the parallel between mechanical and electrical networks can be exploited by using variable capacitors and resistors to balance the impedance of the transducer circuit. These electrical measurements readily lend themselves to computer interfacing for data acquisition and analysis. 

Control Devices. Control devices have advanced from manual control to sophisticated computet-assisted operation. Radiation pyrometers in conjunction with thermocouples monitor furnace temperatures at several locations (see Temperature measurement). Batch tilting is usually automatically controlled. Combustion air and fuel are metered and controlled for optimum efficiency. For regeneration-type units, furnace reversal also operates on a timed program. Data acquisition and digital display of operating parameters are part of a supervisory control system. The grouping of display information at the control center is typical of modem furnaces. 

Mass and energy balances are used to evaluate blast furnace performance. Many companies now use sophisticated computeri2ed data acquisition and analysis systems to automatically gather the required data for daily calculation of the mass and heat balances. Typical mass and heat balances are shown in Figure 4 and Table 5, respectively. 

A mass spectrometer consists of four basic parts a sample inlet system, an ion source, a means of separating ions according to the mass-to-charge ratios, ie, a mass analyzer, and an ion detection system. AdditionaUy, modem instmments are usuaUy suppUed with a data system for instmment control, data acquisition, and data processing. Only a limited number of combinations of these four parts are compatible and thus available commercially (Table 1). 

D. A. MeUichamp, ed., Real-Time Computingwith Applications to Data Acquisition and Control, Van Nostrand Reinhold, Co., Inc., New York, 1983. 

Time Systems, McGraw-HiU, New York, 1985 Hawryszldewycs, Database Analysis and Design, Science Research Associates Inc., Chicago, 1984 Kham-hata, Microprocessois/Microcomputers Architecture, Software, and Systems, 2d ed.. Whey, New York, 1987 Liptak, Instrument Engineers Handbook, Chilton Book Company, Philadelphia, 1995 Melhchamp (ed.), Real-Time Computing with Applications to Data Acquisition and Control, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1983. 

Historical data management—This includes the data acquisition and storage capabilities. Present-day prices of storage mediums have been dropping rapidly, and systems with 80 gigabyte hard disks are available. These disks could store a minimum of five years of one-minute data for most plants. One-minute data is adequate for most steady state operation, while start-ups and shutdowns or other non steady state operation should be monitored and stored at an interval of one second. To achieve these time rates, data for steady state operation can be obtained from most plant-wide D-CS systems, and for unsteady state conditions, data can be obtained from control systems. 

Using the best procedures during data acquisition produces spectra with the maximum available information content. Once spectra are recorded that contain the information that is sought using the best procedures for extracting the information from the data is important to maximize the value of the analysis. This section will consider the procedures for data acquisition and the extraction of various types of information available from the data. 

The ion detection system consists of a high-gain electron multiplier and the signal digitizing system, along with a computer for data acquisition and manipulation. 

Let the distance between the injection point and the peak maximum (the retention distance on the chromatogram) be (y) cm and the peak width at the points of inflexion be (x) cm. If a computer data acquisition and processing system is employed, then the equivalent retention times can be used. 

Using equation (10), the efficiency of any solute peak can be calculated for any column from measurements taken directly from the chromatogram (or, if a computer system is used, from the respective retention times stored on disk). The computer will need to have special software available to identify the peak width and calculate the column efficiency and this software will be in addition to that used for quantitative measurements. Most contemporary computer data acquisition and processing systems contain such software in addition to other chromatography programs. The measurement of column efficiency is a common method for monitoring the quality of the column during use. 

Data Acquisition and Parameter Estimation determines frequencies of the initiating events, component unavailability and probabilities of human actions were estimated from plant history. If insufficient, generic values were used including generic data from the nuclear industry (IAEA, 1988). In addition meteorological data and data on the population distribution around the plant were gathered and processed. 

The complete LDA system includes the appropriate transmission and detection optoelectronics, traverse mechanisms, computer-controlled signal processing, and a data acquisition and evaluation system. The LDA equipment is a powerful tool for the measurement of flow velocity and velocity fluctuation, as well as the local concentration of particles or droplets transported in the airflow. 

Desbrandes, R., Status report MWD technology. Part 1 Data acquisition and downhole recording and processing, Petroleum Engineering International, September 1988. 

While providing many advantages, simplified data acquisition and analysis also can be a liability. If the database is improperly configured, the automated capabilities of these analyzers will yield faulty diagnostics that can allow catastrophic failure of critical plant machinery. 

There are several limitations of the computer-based systems and some system characteristics, particularly simplified data acquisition and analysis, provide both... 

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