Damage stone

Gobbi G., Zappia G., and Sabbioni C. (1998) Sulphite quantification on damaged stones and mortars. Atmos. Environ. 32(4), 783-789. 

As abovementioned, Ruiz-Agudo M studied salt weathering distress of limestone specimens submerged in sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate solutions respectively. The results showed that these two sulfates both severely damaged stone. 

Wendler, E. Klenmi, D. D. Snethlage, R. Advanced Workshop Analytical Methods for the Investigation of Damaged Stone Pavia, 1990. 

Kidney beans Kidney damage Kidneys Kidney stones... 

Deteriora.tlon. An important source of damage to stone objects is mechanical in nature. Both breakage and abrasion account for much of the losses on objects made of this relatively fragile material. More difficulties are offered by the processes of a chemical nature which play a role in stone deterioration (132—134). 

Besides the chemical composition, porosity is another property of stone which has great influence on its preservation. An increased porosity increases the exposed surface and pores allow movement of materials such as water and its solutes through the stones. If the pores are blocked or reduced in diameter such substances may be trapped within resulting in increased local interior damage. Exposure to the climatic elements is one important source of decay. Freeze-thaw cycles, in particular, result in pressures on the pore walls of the stone s interior from changes in volume during the phase transition... 

Biodeterioration. For objects made out of organic materials, mold and insect attack are a principal cause of damage. Microbiological organisms can also be responsible for serious deterioration of outdoor stone. Museums, especially storage areas, are quite conducive to providing the conditions in which infestations can occur. Objects are stored in close proximity, and left untouched for prolonged periods, often with Htde if any ak movement. 

Sodium bifluoride, by itself or ia conjunction with other materials, is a good laundry sour because, ia the concentrations used, it does not create a pH below 4.0 and thus causes no damage to textile fibers, although it removes iron stains. Leather (qv) bleaching and cleaning of stone and brick building faces are other uses for this material (3). 

Additional improvements have been incorporated since 1966 with the availabihty of thinner float glass. Glass thickness and interlayer thickness have been studied to optimize the product for occupant retention, occupant injury, and damage to the windshield from external sources (30,31). The thinner float glass windshields are more resistant to stone impacts than the early plate glass windshields. The majority of laminated windshields are made of two pieces of 2—2.5 mm aimealed glass and 0.76 mm of controlled adhesion interlayer. 

Corrosion by atmospheric sulfur dioxide should be considered in the development and evaluation of protective coatings (267,268). Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid therefrom are highly damaging to carbonate building stones (269). 

Stone-washing is carried out by lightweight pumice stones that are put into industrial laundry machines with the jeans. The stones mb against the denim and remove some of the dye. However, too much abrasion from stones can damage the fabric, particularly hems and waistbands. 

The industries which produce and handle various stone products emit considerable amounts of particulate matter at every stage of the operation. These particulates may include fine mineral dusts of a size to cause damage to the lungs. The threshold values for such dusts have been set quite low to prevent disabling diseases for the worker. 

Sulfur dioxide emissions may affect building stone and ferrous and nonferrous metals. Sulfurous acid, formed from the reaction of sulfur dioxide with moisture, accelerates the corrosion of iron, steel, and zinc. Sulfur oxides react with copper to produce the green patina of copper sulfate on the surface of the copper. Acids in the form of gases, aerosols, or precipitation may chemically erode building materials such as marble, limestone, and dolomite. Of particular concern is the chemical erosion of historical monuments and works of art. Sulfurous and sulfuric acids formed from sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide when they react with moisture may also damage paper and leather. 

Because renal impairment is common in older adults the nurse should give the sulfonamides with great caution. There isan increased danger of the sulfonamidescausng additional renal damage when renal impairment is already present. An increase of fluid intake up to 2000 mL (if the older adult can tolerate this amount) decreases the risk of crystals and stones forming in the urinary trad. 

Particulate Pollutants. Smoke, ash, viruses, pollen, sand, and in contemporary industrial society also coal and cement dust, are generally known as particulate pollutants (they occur as extremely small solid particles suspended in the atmosphere). The combination of air, pollutant gases, small liquid droplets, and particulate matter constitutes what is known as smog, which, since the second half of the eighteenth century, has beset antiquities, damaging and disintegrating even those made of stone and metals. 

Further properties which a detonating fuse should have are the ability to initiate blasting explosives (tested with suitable relatively insensitive mixtures usually of TNT and ammonium nitrate) resistance to low temperatures without cracking on flexing and to hot storage without desensitisation and toughness to prevent damage from stones, etc. The fuse must always be waterproof and must often withstand diesel oil, which can separate from ANFO. 

The pico-second laser causes significantly less damage to the stone than the nanosecond laser however, fewer trace element peaks may be observed in the pico-second LIBS spectra (Fig. 1). The sensitivity of the pico-second LIBS system to trace elements may be enhanced in Ar or He, with a better lens system than currently employed, or by using the harmonic wavelengths. These parameters are under investigation. 

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