Damage linear

Cumulative Damage. Pressure vessels may be subjected to a variety of stress cycles during service some of these cycles have ampHtudes below the fatigue (endurance) limit of the material and some have ampHtudes various amounts above it. The simplest and most commonly used method for evaluating the cumulative effect of these various cycles is a linear damage relationship in which it is assumed that, if cycles would produce failure at a... 

The linear damage rule takes no account of the orderin which the stress cycles are appHed. 

Tyrocidine [8011-61-8] is a mixture of three closely related components. Tyrocidine studies on mechanism of action (98), biosynthesis on multien2yme complexes (93,99,100), and chemistry (101) are available, and tyrothricin production is discussed (102). Although the mechanism of action of linear gramicidins has been well researched, such work on tyrocidine is more limited it appears that tyrocidine damages membranes (103,104). 

A variety of models have been developed to study acid deposition. Sulfuric acid is formed relatively slowly in the atmosphere, so its concentrations are beUeved to be more uniform than o2one, especially in and around cities. Also, the impacts are viewed as more regional in nature. This allows an even coarser hori2ontal resolution, on the order of 80 to 100 km, to be used in acid deposition models. Atmospheric models of acid deposition have been used to determine where reductions in sulfur dioxide emissions would be most effective. Many of the ecosystems that are most sensitive to damage from acid deposition are located in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Early acid deposition models helped to estabUsh that sulfuric acid and its precursors are transported over long distances, eg, from the Ohio River Valley to New England (86—88). Models have also been used to show that sulfuric acid deposition is nearly linear in response to changing levels of emissions of sulfur dioxide (89). 

The amount of fretting damage increases in an approximately linear manner with these variables, once the Initial stages of fretting are completed. A number of deviations from linearity have been reported, especially with respect to load, where it is often found that there is a tendency for the relationship to become parabolic in form. The superposition of a normal vibratory component of load can cause a very considerable increase in the wear rate ... 

Mine Clearing Equipment. Devices used to actuate land mines without damage to personnel or equipment. Expl devices are typified by a group of linear shaped prefabricated structural sections, filled with composition expls, with a nose section and a towing and pushing attachment, designed for assembly into a device to be propelled by any standard tank. 

Sorption curves obtained at activity and temperature conditions which have been experienced to be not able to alter the polymer morphology during the test, i.e. a = 0.60 and T = 75 °C, for as cast (A) and for samples previously equilibrated in more severe conditions, a = 0.99 and T = 75 °C (B), are shown in Fig. 13. According to the previous discussion, the diffusion coefficient, calculated by using the time at the intersection points between the initial linear behaviour and the equilibrium asymptote (a and b), for the damaged sample is lower than that of the undamaged one, since b > a. The morphological modification which increases the apparent solubility lowers, in fact, the effective diffusion coefficient. 

A hnear crack growth rate prediction model analogous to Miner s linear damage mle has been proposed to predict the fatigue crack growth rate for variable amplimde signals using constant... 

If a significant volume of gas (caused by a leak, for example) is exposed to an ignition source and this gas is mixed with air in proportions that are close to stoichiometric, the gas cloud can cause a lot of damage when it gives rise to a detonation. The accident at Flixborough is one example. The lower explosive limit of hydrocarbons is extremely low. If the carbon chain length exceeds 8, the autoinflammation temperature of a linear hydrocarbon is close to 200°C. All these parameters decrease with pressure. The table below shows to which extent pressure influences the AIT of ethylene ... 

Zero-Threshold Linear Hypothesis—The assumption that a dose-response curve derived from data in the high dose and high dose-rate ranges may be extrapolated through the low dose and low dose range to zero, implying that, theoretically, any amount of radiation will cause some damage. 

An estimate is then made of the area (radius) of exposure. This represents the area containing equipment that could be damaged following a fire or explosion in the unit being considered. It is evaluated from Figure 7 in the Guide and is a linear function of the Fire and Explosion Index. 

A series of experiments investigated the effect of laser pulse intensity on the distribution of damage. For each pulse intensity, DNA samples were exposed to three different doses. The quantum yield for the formation of lesions, expressed with respect to total DNA bases, was then calculated by linear regression analyses. At all intensities, the formation of lesions was found to be linear with respect to the applied dose. Oxidized nucleosides, including... 

It is presumed that the effect of carcinogenic materials is to produce critical cell damage. Thus, carcinogenic health effects models generally are dose (i.e., integrated exposure) models, not exposure models. The lack of firm statistical bases often leads to the adoption of nonthreshold, linear models, even though thresholds and nonlinear effects might be expected. 

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