Damage contamination build

You will know that an explosion has occurred by the blast and damage to buildings, but you will not know immediately whether it involves radioactive contamination. 

Harm criteria for a major accident to the environment are also important. Both the built environment and the natural environment have to be considered. Major accidents can damage historic buildings or monuments, although these will be associated more with the physical consequences of the event than with chemical interactions. Damage to nature reserves, areas of natural beauty and freshwater and marine habitats, as well as groundwater and aquifer contamination all need careful examination when dealing with the natural environment In some cases individual rare species may be sufficiently important to merit special attention. The relevant criteria for use in the United Kingdom have been published by the Department of the Environment [22]. 

Conditions in the damaged reactor building may be so hazardous that progress will be slow and backup teams will be required so as to limit radiation dose commitments to the individual teams. Teams returning to base may be heavily contaminated and will require substantial clean-change facilities near the ICC. 

Significant harm can include death, serious injury, disease, reduction of crop yields or structural damage to buildings. Many risk assessments only consider death or injury to humans. It is clear that there are other factors that need to be considered in any risk assessment to formally determine whefher or nof a site is contaminated due to landfill or other ground gas. 

Radiation from a dirty bomb can emanate from a blast site in a contaminated plume of smoke or in contaminated debris. Radiation cannot be detected without special instruments, and radiation exposures can occur even without direct contact. Therefore, leaving a damaged building does not eliminate the risk of exposure. An effective tool to minimize or eliminate the potential for hazardous substance exposure is to move away from the site of the attack and into a building that provides protection from airborne contaminants. 

Explosions in buildings and urban situations frequendy damage sewers and drainage systems, spreading their contents over the scene. Consequendy, there is a risk of debris being contaminated by dangerous infectious agents. 

Stachybotrys chartarum (previously also called S. atrd), the fungal cause of stachybotryotoxicosis and sick building syndrome, is a black mold. There are two toxic chemo-types of S. chartarum, one elaborating highly toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes and the other less toxic atra-nones and simple, but not macrocychc, trichothecenes (Andersen et al, 2002). Exposure may be by ingestion, e.g. exposure to contaminated straw, or inhalation as when mold grows in water-damaged homes or air ducts. 

This report describes early measurements of the deterioration of limestone and marble building stones by acidic components of air pollution and acid rain. This onsite technique allows measurement of carbonate-rock deterioration under a wide range of ambient conditions. Limestone and marble deterioration have been related quantitatively to acid deposition to the rock surface. The procedures described here appear to have general applicability for developing reliable rock-damage relations for environmental contaminants. 

Buildings with storage only. Assets in these buildings are limited to physical items that have utility as a resource later. Because the value of the asset is determined by later use, the need for protection varies. The primary vulnerability is from contamination of the resource that renders the storage inoperable or delays its intended use. Most threat agents do not directly damage physical objects, so the primary concern of contamination in such facilities is the safety of humans who enter the facility. 

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