Damage analysis costs

There are a large number and variety of methods which can be used for damage analysis of textiles and these methods can naturally also be combined. It is economic restraint which most affects the imagination of the damage analyst. In other words, any method can be considered for damage analysis if it is or could be useful, does not cost too much and does not take too long. 

Based on the statistical prognosis and the specifications of possible damage during the product life cycle in the early phase of product construction, it is feasible to conclude actions to optimise the product and its subcomponents. The actors OEM and supplier of the value added network benefit primarily from this information, because they can optimise their products and subcomponents. Furthermore, it is possible to reduce technical failure analysis costs through drawing selected samples of damaged components out of the field. 

Based on total probability theorem, Eq. 1 allows deconstructing the problem in four steps (i) hazard analysis, (ii) structural analysis, (iii) damage analysis, and (iv) loss analysis. Each step carries out a specific generalized variable intensity measure (JM), engineering demand parameter (EDP), damage measure DM), and decision variable DV). The key issue of PBEE methodology is to identify and quantify DV of primary interest to the decision makers with consideration to all important uncertainties. DPs have been defined in terms of different quantities, such as repair costs, downtime, and casualty rates. 

Traditional cost analysis often fails to include factors relevant to future damage claims resulting from htigation, the depletion of nat-... 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

From this analysis it is clear that in addition to their benefits, the use of pesticides in food production not only causes serious public health problems but also considerable damage to vital agricultural and natural ecosystems in the United States and world. A conservative estimate suggests that the environmental and social costs of pesticide use in the United States total about 4 billion each year. Worldwide the yearly environmental and public health costs are probably at least 100 billion. This is several times the 18 bllllon/yr spent on pesticides in the world. 

According to Spadaro and Rabl [41], damage costs of IQ decrement is likely the dominant part of the total damage costs of Pb. The dose-response function has been quite well characterized for Pb, for example by Schwartz [48] in a meta-analysis, who found that the IQ decrement is 0.026 IQ points for a 1 pg/L increase of Pb in blood. Spadaro and Rabl identified two possible ways of linking blood levels of lead to exposure. One of the methods connects incremental exposure of Pb in air to... 

One useful tool of risk assessment is to compare the risk before and after prevention or mitigation to determine the difference in risk. A cost benefit analysis can be completed that determines the cost of the mitigation versus the amount of risk reduction. All costs need to be calculated to determine a cost per year. These costs would include fire damage, injury or fatality, insurance cost increases, loss of profits, etc. The cost of the mitigation, including capital and maintenance costs, needs to be determined. 

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